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The group size effect and synchronization of vigilance in the Tibetan wild ass

Current Zoology 2021年第1期67卷 11-16页

作者： Xinxin WANG Le YANG Yumeng ZHAO Cong Yu Zhongqiu Li Lab of Animal Behavior and Conservation School of Life SciencesNanjing University163 Xianlin AvenueNanjing210023China Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology 19 Beiing West RoadLhasa850000China

Vigilance behavior is considered as an effective strategy for prey species to detect *** individual benefits from living in a group by reducing the time spent being vigilant without affecting the probability of detecting a ***,the mechanism producing a decrease in vigilance with increasing group size is *** models of vigilance assume that group members scan independently of one *** in recent studies,the other 2 patterns of vigilance,coordination and synchronization,were reported in some *** 2 summers(2018 and 2019),we studied the group-size effect on vigilance and foraging of Tibetan wild ass in Chang Tang Nature Reserve of *** also tested whether individuals scan the environment independently,tend to coordinate their scans,or tend to synchronize their *** results showed that individuals decreased the time spent on vigilance with increasing group size,while increased the time spent *** members scanned the environment at the same time more frequently and there was a positive correlation between group members'behaviors,indicating that Tibetan wild asses tend to synchronize their vigilance.

关键词： group size effect synchronization of vigilance Tibetan wild ass

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Occurrence of Conspecific in the Neighboring Space Influence on Flight Initiation Distance in Cape Hare <i>Lepus capensis</i>under Human Stimuli

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第6期10卷 380-395页

作者： Muhammad Zaman Bushra Allah Rakha Kwasi Wrensford Mengyan Zhu Longcheng Fan Guangshun Jiang Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration College of Wildlife and Protected Area Northeast Forestry University Harbin China Department of Wildlife Management PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley USA

Optimal escape theory predicts that animals would balance the costs and benefits of flight. One cost of not fleeing is the ongoing cost of vigilance for upcoming environmental threats. Our results show that FID increases for vigilant hares with predator starting distance, due to the costs acquired by continuing to scan for ecological dangers. The presence of conspecifics within proximity distance for social hare was reduced FID due to collective vigilance, while a solitary animal had greater FID, due to less cooperative defense for predator detection. In both seasons, detection and flight initiation distance of the focal hare increased in open habitat due to a higher probability of detection for upcoming danger, while dense cover provided concealment but reduced the probability of detecting an incoming threat, reducing FID. Moreover, proximity to roads and the nearest refuge significantly influenced anti-predator risk by compensation energy to cope with approaching stimuli. In a landscape with heavy human hunting in retaliation to plantations damage has modified the natural behavior of the hare in the Shigar valley. The findings are discussed in the context of hare FID by humans and the suggestions for management and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict are also considered.

关键词： Alert Distance Distance to Refuge Flight Initiation Distance (FID) group size effect Starting Distance Social or Solitary Hare

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