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Lucilia sericata(Meigen)and Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius)(Diptera:Calliphoridae)Development Rate and its Implications for forensic entomology

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Journal of forensic Science and Medicine 2016年第3期2卷 146-150页

作者： Kapil Verma Reject Paul Amity Institute of forensic Sciences Amity UniversityNoidaUttar PradeshIndia

forensic entomology is basically a science that is based on the scientific study of the invasion and succession pattern of arthropods with their developmental stages of different species found on the decomposed cadavers during legal investigations.The developmental rate of Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya megacephala was studied in beef liver for the correlation of time duration in each phase with the temperature and climate.The obtained data belong to L.sericata at temperatures between 22℃and 26℃(mean‑24℃)and relative humidity 50%±10%and C.megacephala at temperatures between 23℃and 27℃(mean‑25℃)and relative humidity 55%±10%.From the analysis of results,it was observed that in the climatic conditions of the study area,time since death assessment involving L.sericata was found to be with a potential of maximum 10-11 days and C.megacephala with 8-9 days.The data emerged as results from the present work would be beneficial for investigations involving decomposed dead body remains for the assessment of time since death.

关键词： Arthropods decomposed tissue forensic entomology time since death

Molecular identification of the potentially forensically relevant cluster flies Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) and Pollenia vagabunda (Meigen) (Diptera: Polleniidae) — non-recorded species in Algeria

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forensic Sciences Research 2022年第1期7卷 69-77页

作者： Meriem Taleb Ghania Tail Halide Nihal Açıkgöz Department of Population and Organism Biology University of Blida 1BlidaAlgeria Department of forensic Biology Ankara UniversityMamakAnkaraTurkey

Cluster flies are represented by the genus Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830 of the family Polleniidae Brauer and Bergenstamm,1889.Their larvae are known to be internal parasites or predators of earthworms.Herein,we report for the first time the occurrence of the cluster flies Pollenia rudis Fabricius,1794 and Pollenia vagabunda(Meigen,1826)(Diptera:Polleniidae)on carcasses in Algeria and identify them through DNA barcoding.A region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene(COI)was amplified and sequenced.Genetic distances were determined.A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the maximum parsimony method using 10000 bootstrap replicates.A total number of 157 adults of P.rudis were collected together with 325 adults of Pollenia vagabunda.The occurrence of Pollenia on animal carcasses does not seem to be correlated with a particular stage of decomposition.All the sequences were correctly identified using the BLASTn tool from the GenBank database and the BOLD identification engine.Intra-and interspecific sequence divergence values were less than 1%and greater than 3%,respectively.COI barcodes obtained from this study were robust enough to identify and distinguish unambiguously between P.rudis and P.vagabunda.In the tree-based analysis,the cluster flies were all assigned to their respective species separately from each other confirming the morphological identification.These results provide DNA barcodes that contribute to the growth of reference databases and allow fast and accurate identification.

关键词： forensic sciences forensic entomology Pollenia cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcoding North Africa

Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA-based Identification of Some forensically Important Calliphoridae(Diptera)in Luoyang of China

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Journal of forensic Science and Medicine 2022年第1期8卷 11-16页

作者： Mengzi Yang Weiping Zhang Adilai Tuerxun Yaonan Mo Xiandun Zhai Department of forensic Biology Laboratory Forensic Medicine InstituteHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangHenanChina

Introduction:Calliphoridae plays a key role in forensic entomology research,which is one of the first insects to decompose animal carcasses.The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)are among the most widely used molecular markers for insect taxonomic characterization.Aim:The aim of the study was to test the suitability of two genetic markers based on conducting the molecular identification of six necrophagous Calliphorid flies.Materials and Methods:Fourteen Calliphoridae flies were collected and classified with traditional morphological characteristics.The DNA of flies was extracted and the fragments of COI and ITS2 were amplified and sequenced.All the sequences were aligned and analyzed by MEGA 7 software for NCBI BLAST,nucleotide composition,intra-and inter-specific divergence calculation,and phylogenetic tree inference successively.Results:The results indicated that COI and ITS2 genes were robust in the identification of Calliphoridae at the species level and ITS2 gene sequence possessed a strong resolution power as it showed higher variation values between Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina,Calliphora vomitoria and Triceratopyga calliphoroides,C.vomitoria andAldrichina grahami,but inferior to COI fbrT.calliphoroides and A.grahami.Conclusions:Our results showed that combination of COI+ITS2 genes yields more accurate identification and diagnoses and better agreement with morphological data than the mitochondrial barcodes alone.As a supplementary method for morphological identification,we advocated for the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial gene approaches to address the taxonomy and phylogeny of forensic relevant flies,especially of closely related species and populations.

关键词： Calliphoridae cytochrome c oxidase subunit I estimation of postmortem interval forensic entomology second internal transcribed spacer

To eat or get heat： Behavioral trade-offs between thermoregulation and feeding in gregarious necrophagous larvae

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Insect Science 2018年第5期25卷 883-893页

作者： Jana Podhorna Cindy Aubernon Marie Borkovcova Julien Boulay Valery Hedouin Damien Charabidze Department of Zoology Fisheries Hydrobiology and Apiculture Mendel University in Brno Czech Repubfic Unite de Taphonomie Medico-Legale University of Lille CHU Lille EA France

The thermoregulation behavior ofLucilia sericata larvae （Diptera： Calliphori- dae）, a necrophagous species that feeds on vertebrate cadavers, was investigated. These larvae require high heat incomes to develop, and can elevate temperatures by forming large aggregates. We hypothesized that L. sericata larvae should continue to feed at temperatures up to 38 ℃, which can be reached inside larval masses. Thermal regulation behavior such as movement between a hot food spot and colder areas was also postulated. The hypotheses were tested by tracking for 1 h the activity of single, starved third instar larvae in a Petri dish containing 1 food spot （FS） that was heated to a constant temperature of 25 ℃, 34 ℃ or 38 ℃ with an ambient temperature of 25 ℃. The influence of previous conspecific activity in the food on larval behavior was also tested. The crops of larvae were dissected to monitor food content in the digestive systems. Based on relative crop measurements, larvae fed at all food temperatures, but temperature strongly affected larval behavior and kinematics. The total time spent by larvae in FS and the duration of each stay decreased at high FS temperature. Previous activity of conspecifics in the food slightly increased the time spent by larvae in FS and also decreased the average distance to FS. Therefore, necrophagous L. sericata larvae likely thermoregulate during normal feeding activities by adjusting to local fluctuations in temperature, particularly inside maggot masses. By maintaining a steady internal body temperature, larvae likely reduce their development time.

关键词： blowflies Calliphoridae forensic entomology foraging thermoregulation video tracking

Benefits of heterospecific aggregation on necromass: in fluence of temperature, group density, and compositi on on fitness-related traits

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Insect Science 2021年第1期28卷 144-152页

作者： Larissa Komo Valery Hedouin Damien Charabidze CHU Lille EA 7367—UTML—Unite de Taphonomie Medico-LegaleUniversity of Lille59000 LilleFrance

Necrophagous blowflies(Diptera:Calliphoridae)such as Calliphora vicina,a cold-tolerant species,and L ucilia serie ata,a warm-adapted species,are pioneer carrion・breeder.Although these two species have different temperature preferences,larvae aggregate actively and often feed simultaneously on carrion.The hypothesis to be tested was that L.sericata benefits from the association with C.vicina at lower temperatures(i.e.,15℃)and that C.vicina derives greater benefits from this association at higher temperatures(i.e.,28℃).Therefore,both species were raised at these two constant temperatures from first instars to adults under three different conditions:monospecific low-density,monospecific high-density,and heterospecific high-density.The time until larval migration,surface area of puparia,and survival rates were determined for each condition.Differences between these fitness-related traits were found between species,temperatures,group densities,and species compositions.At 28°C,C.vicina larvae bred in heterospecific groups migrated significantly earlier and in higher numbers than that under same density conspecific con・ditions,with a lower mortality rate.At 15°C,both species benefited from high-density heterospecific associations,expressed by faster development and larger puparia.In conclusion,necrophagous larvae benefited from heterospecific aggregations at suboptima 1 temperatures by adapting their migration time to that of the faster species.Since temperature changes throughout the day and over the year,the beneficiary of such a collective association also changes.The costs involved and deviations to the temperature-size rule highlight the complexity of the carrion ecosystem.

关键词： carrion ecology development rhythm flies forensic entomology lifehistory traits mutualism

Metrological framework for selecting morphological characters to identify species and estimate developmental maturity of forensically significant insect specimens

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forensic Sciences Research 2021年第1期6卷 75-83页

作者： John Mark Midgley Martin Herrer Villet Southern African forensic entomology Research Laboratory Department of Zoology and EntomologyRhodes UniversityMakhandaSouth Africa Department of Natural Sciences KwaZulu-Natal MuseumPietermaritzburgSouth Africa

Accurate age estimates of immature necrophagous insects associated with a human or animal body can provide evidence of how long the body has been dead.These estimates are based on species-specific details of the insects’aging processes,and therefore require accurate species identification and developmental stage estimation.Many professionals who produce or use identified organisms as forensic evidence have little training in taxonomy or metrology,and appreciate the availability of formalized principles and standards for biological identification.Taxonomic identifications are usually most readily and economically made using categorical and qualitative morphological characters,but it may be necessary to use less convenient and potentially more ambiguous characters that are continuous and quantitative if two candidate species are closely related,or if identifying developmental stages within a species.Characters should be selected by criteria such as taxonomic specificity and metrological repeatability and relative error.We propose such a hierarchical framework,critique various measurements of immature insects,and suggest some standard approaches to determine the reliability of organismal identifications and measurements in estimating postmortem intervals.Relevant criteria for good characters include high repeatability(including low scope for ambiguity or parallax effects),pronounced discreteness,and small relative error in measurements.These same principles apply to individuation of unique objects in general.

关键词： orensic sciences forensic entomology identification individuation data types metrology measurement error repeatability

Record of Leptometopa latipes(Diptera:Milichiidae)from a human cadaver in the Mediterranean area

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forensic Sciences Research 2019年第4期4卷 341-347页

作者： Giorgia Giordani Fabiola Tuccia Silvia Zoppis Carla Vecchiotti Stefano Vanin School of Applied Sciences University of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche Istologiche Medico Legali e dell’Apparato Locomotore Section of Legal MedicineLaboratory of Forensic GeneticsUniversity of Rome"Sapienza"RomeItaly

In forensic entomology,insects are used mainly to obtain information about the time since death.This information is obtained studying the developmental rate of the first colonizers,principally species in the families Calliphoridae,Sarcophagidae,Muscidae,Stratiomyidae and Phoridae.However,species belonging to other families can provide information about body transfer or the season of the death.Among them Milichiidae are flies rarely reported from human cases despite the larvae of some species are known as saprophagous feeding on plant and animal decomposing matter.A potential cause of the lack of records of these species from forensic cases can be related with the paucity of descriptions and illustrations of the immature stages.In this article,the entomological samples collected from a human body found inside an apartment in a Maghreb country,in Northern Africa,is reported and Leptometopa latipes(Diptera:Milichiidae)is described in detail.Molecular analysis is also reported to confirm the morphological analysis.

关键词： forensic entomology postmortem interval decomposition Leptometopa latipes

Variation in decomposition stages and carrion insect succession in a dry tropical climate and its effect on estimating postmortem interval

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forensic Sciences Research 2020年第4期5卷 327-335页

作者： Kirsty Griffiths Matt N.Krosch Kirsty Wright Scientific Section Forensic Services GroupQueensland Police ServiceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia Quality Management Section Forensic Services GroupQueensland Police ServiceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia

Insects have an important role in minimum postmortem interval(PMImin)estimation.An accurate PMImin estimation relies on a comprehensive study of the development and succes-sion of local carrion insects.No published research on carrion insect succession exists for tropical north Queensland.To address this,we aimed to obtain preliminary observational data concerning the rate of decomposition and insect succession on pig carcasses in Townsville and compare these with other regions of Australia and overseas.Adult insects were collected daily from three pig carcasses for 30d during summer and identified to fa-mily level.Observations of decomposition rate were made each day and progression through the stages of decomposition were recorded.Adult insects were identified to family and their presence/absence used as a proxy for arrival at/departure from the remains,respectively.These preliminary data highlight several interesting trends that may be inform-ative for forensic PMImin estimation.Decomposition was rapid:all carcasses were at the dry/remains stage by Day 5,which was substantially quicker than all other regions in the com-parison.Differences were also observed in the presence/absence of insect families and their arrival and departure times.Given the rapid progression through early decomposition,we argue that later-arriving coleopteran taxa may be more forensically informative in tropical Australia,in contrast with temperate regions where Diptera appear most useful.This research contributes preliminary observational data to understanding insect succession pat-terns in tropical Australia and demonstrates the critical need for comprehensive local succes-sion data for each climatic region of Australia to enable accurate PMImin estimation.These data will inform future research targeted at gaining a more comprehensive understanding of insect succession in the Australian tropics.

关键词： forensic sciences forensic entomology postmortem interval Diptera Coleoptera decomposition

Effect of low temperature in the development cycle of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera, Calliphoridae): implications for the minimum postmortem interval estimation

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forensic Sciences Research 2018年第1期3卷 52-59页

作者： Laetitia Cervantès Laurent Dourel Emmanuel Gaudry Thierry Pasquerault Benoit Vincent forensic Fauna Flora Department Institut de Recherche Criminelle De La Gendarmerie nationaleCergy Pontoise CedexFrance

Knowledge of necrophagous insects' developmental data is necessary for the forensic entomologist to estimate a reliable minimum postmortem interval (PMImin).Among the most represented necrophagous species,Lucilia sericata (Diptera,Calliphoridae) is particularly interesting.It is regularly identified in samples,with a predominance in summer,and is commonly used by analysts of our entomology department (Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale) to estimate the PMImin with the accumulated degree days (ADD) method.This method requires the mathematical lower thermal threshold to be known.This value dictates the quality of the applied ADD method but cannot be considered as fixed,especially when insect development occurs at temperatures close to the biological threshold.In such conditions,it is necessary to study the influence of such temperatures on development rate,as well as the consequences of estimating the period of first oviposition on cadavers,when using the ADD method.Seven replicate rearings were conducted at six different temperatures: 30 ℃,24 ℃,18 ℃,15 ℃,12 ℃ and 10 ℃.Time of development and time of emergence were recorded.The effect of low temperature on the development cycle and the reliability of the ADD method under this entire temperature spectrum were studied using different linear regression models.Calculated durations of total insect time development and experimental rearing duration were then compared.A global linear model cannot be used on the whole temperature spectrum experienced by L.sericata without resulting in an overestimation at some temperatures.We found a combination of two linear regression models to be suitable for the estimation of the total development time,depending on the temperature experienced by L.sericata.This approach allowed us to obtain a variation lower than 2% at 12 ℃ and 10 ℃ between the calculated duration and experimental duration of development.In comparison,the results obtained with a global model show a variation higher than 3% at 12 ℃ and 10%at 10

关键词： forensic science forensic entomology accumulated degree days(ADD)method minimum PMI low temperature