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Molecular Plant 2022年第11期15卷 1696-1709页

作者： Suhyun Jin Sun Young Kim Hendry Susila Zeeshan Nasim Geummin Youn Ji Hoon Ahn Department of Life Sciences Korea UniversitySeoul 02841Republic of Korea

Temperature is an important environmental cue that affects flowering time in *** MADS-box transcription factor flowering LOCUS M(FLM)forms a heterodimeric complex with SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE(SVP)and controls ambient temperature-responsive flowering in ***-βand FLM-δ,two major splice variants produced from the FLM locus,exert opposite effects on flowering,but the molecular mechanism by which the interaction between FLM isoforms and SVP affects temperature-responsive flowering remains poorly ***,we show that FLM-βand FLM-δplay important roles in modulating the temperature-dependent behavior,conformation,and stability of *** localization of SVP decreases as temperature ***-βis required for SVP nuclear translocation at low temperature,whereas SVP interacts with FLM-δmainly in the cytoplasm at high *** preferentially binds to FLM-βat low temperature in tobacco leaf *** shows high binding affinity to FLM-βat low temperature and to FLM-δat high *** undergoes similar structural changes in the interactions with FLM-βand FLM-δ;however,FLM-δlikely causes more pronounced conformational changes in the SVP ***-δcauses rapid degradation of SVP at high temperature,compared with FLM-β,possibly via *** of lysine 53 or lysine 165 in SVP causes increased abundance of SVP due to reduced ubiquitination of SVP and thus delays flowering at high *** findings suggest that temperature-dependent differential interactions between SVP and FLM isoforms modulate the temperature-responsive induction of flowering in Arabidopsis.

关键词： flowering ambient temperature SVP FLM FLM-β FLM-δ nuclear translocation

The flowering LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Gene Family： Functional Evolution and Molecular Mechanisms

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Molecular Plant 2015年第7期8卷 983-997页

作者： Daniel P. Wickland Yoshie Hanzawa Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA

In plant development, the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture are modulated by two homol- ogous proteins, flowering LOCUS T （FT） and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 （TFL1）. The florigen FT promotes the transition to reproductive development and flowering, while TFL1 represses this transition. Despite their importance to plant adaptation and crop improvement and their extensive study by the plant community, the molecular mechanisms controlling the opposing actions of FT and TFL1 have remained mysterious. Recent studies in multiple species have unveiled diverse roles of the FT/TFL 1 gene family in developmental processes other than flowering regulation. In addition, the striking evolution of FT homologs into flowering repressors has occurred independently in several species during the evolution of flowering plants. These reports indicate that the FT/TFL1 gene family is a major target of evolution in nature. Here, we comprehen- sively survey the conserved and diverse functions of the FTITFL1 gene family throughout the plant kingdom, summarize new findings regarding the unique evolution of FT in multiple species, and highlight recent work elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these proteins.

关键词： FT TFL1 PEBP flowering evolution inflorescence architecture

Effect of exogenous GA3 on flowering quality, endogenous hormones, and hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression in forcing-cultured tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第6期18卷 1295-1311页

作者： GUAN Yan-ren XUE Jing-qi XUE Yu-qian YANG Ruo-wen WANG Shun-li ZHANG Xiu-xin Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 P.R.China School of Landscape Architecture and Forestry Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 P.R.China

Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully *** this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene *** GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering *** GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)*** further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also *** results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other *** trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of *** was closely related to Vitis *** expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also *** of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 *** results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of ***,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.

关键词： tree peony forcing culture hormones gibberellic acid GA biosynthesis and signaling flowering quality

RcSPL1-RcTAF15b regulates the flowering time of rose (Rosa chinensis)

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Horticulture Research 2023年第6期10卷 182-194页

作者： Rui Yu Zhiying Xiong Xinhui Zhu Panpan Feng Ziyi Hu Rongxiang Fang Yuman Zhang Qinglin Liu Department of Ornamental Horticulture College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciencesand National Plant Gene Research CenterBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408China

Rose(Rosa chinensis),which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide,has three types,namely once-flowering(OF),occasional or re-blooming(OR),and recurrent or continuous flowering(CF).However,the mechanism underlying the effect of the age pathway on the duration of the CF or OF juvenile phase is largely *** this study,we observed that the RcSPL1 transcript levels were substantially upregulated during the floral development period in CF and OF ***,accumulation of RcSPL1 protein was controlled by *** ectopic expression of RcSPL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated the vegetative phase transition and ***,the transient overexpression of RcSPL1 in rose plants accelerated flowering,whereas silencing of RcSPL1 had the opposite ***,the transcription levels of floral meristem identity genes(APETALA1,FRUITFULL,and LEAFY)were significantly affected by the changes in RcSPL1 ***15b protein,which is an autonomous pathway protein,was revealed to interact with *** silencing and overexpression of RcTAF15b in rose plants led to delayed and accelerated flowering,***,the study findings imply that RcSPL1–RcTAF15b modulates the flowering time of rose plants.

关键词： TAF flowering floral

How have breeders adapted rice flowering to the growing region?

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第12期66卷 2736-2753页

作者： Asako Kobayashi Mao Suganami Hideki Yoshida Yoichi Morinaka Syuto Watanabe Yoshie Machida Genki Chaya Fumihiro Nakaoka Nobuhito Sato Kotaro Miura Makoto Matsuoka Rice Breeding Group Fukui Agricultural Experiment StationFukui 918-8215Japan Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences Institute of Fermentation SciencesFukushima UniversityFukushima 960-1296Japan Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology Fukui Prefectural UniversityFukui 910-1195Japan Fukui Prefectural Government Fukui 910-8580Japan.

flowering time is a crucial rice trait that influences its adaptation to various environments,cropping schedules,and agronomic *** breeders have exploited spontaneous mutations in heading date genes to regulate the flowering *** the present study,we investigated how breeders in Fukui Prefecture regulated days to heading while developing promising rice ***-wide association studies(GWAS)identified Hd1,Hd16,and Hd18 as the major genes controlling days to heading in the ***,we suspected that this highly bred population might exhibit genomic stratification,which could lead to spurious or false correlations in the ***,we also conducted correlation and partial correlation analyses,which uncovered another key heading date gene,Hd17,that GWAS failed to detect because of its linkage disequilibrium with the major effect gene *** of haplotype frequencies across different breeding periods revealed that the early-heading Hd16(Hd16(E))and late-heading Hd17(Hd17(L))were increasingly co-selected in the Hd1 functional *** carrying this Hd16(E)/Hd17(L)combination exhibited days to heading in the range of 70–80,which corresponds to the peak temperature and sunshine period and is also optimal for grain quality and yield components in the Fukui *** present study highlights that it is imperative to remain vigilant for Type I(false positives)and Type II(false negatives)errors when performing GWAS on highly bred populations and to implement appropriate countermeasures by accounting for gene-by-gene interactions established through the breeding *** also discuss the effectiveness of Hd16(E),which is not used outside Japan for subtle days to heading control but is widely used in Japan at certain latitudes.

关键词： breeding flowering GWAS heading date partial correlation analysis rice

In vitro flowering of Dendrobium candidum

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Science China(Life Sciences) 1997年第1期40卷 35-42页

作者：王光远许智宏蔡德发蔡南海 Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology National University of Singapore Singapore 0511 Republic of Singapore Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology The Rockefeller University N. Y. 10021-6399 USA

Dendrobium candidum, a wild orchid species from China, normally requires three to four years of cultivation before it can produce flowers. The effects of plant hormones and polyamines on flower initiation of this species in tissue culture were investigated. The addition of spermidine, or BA, or the combination of NAA and BA to the culture medium can induce protocorms or shoots to flower within three to six months with a frequency of 31.6% -45.8%. The flowering frequency can be further increased to 82.8 % on the average by pre-treatment of protocorms in an ABA-containing medium followed by transfer onto MS medium with BA. The induction of precocious flowering de-pends on the developmental stage of the experimental materials (protocorms, shoots and plantlets) used , and usually occurs only when root formation is inhibited.

关键词： DendroKum caadidwn in vitro flowering tissue culture plant hormone polyamine.

A PIF7-CONST ANS-Centered Molecular Regulatory Network Underlying Shade-Accelerated flowering

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Molecular Plant 2019年第12期12卷 1587-1597页

作者： Renshan Zhang Chuanwei Yang Yupei Jiang Lin Li State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai 200438People's Republic of China

To compete with their neighbors for light and escape shaded environments,sun-loving plants have devel-oped the shade-avoidance syndrome(SAS),a set of responses including alteration of plant architecture and initiation of early flowering and seed *** studies on SAS mainly focused on dissecting molec-ular basis of hypocotyl elongation in seedlings under shade light;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying shade-accelerated flowering in adult plants remain *** this study,we found that CONSTANS(CO)and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7(PIF7)have an additive effect on shade-induced flowering,but that LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1(HFR1)represses early flowering by binding to CO and PIF7 and preventing the binding of CO to the promoter of flowering LOCUS T(FT)and the binding of PIF7 to the promoter of pri-MIR156E/*** shade,de-phosphorylated PIF7 and accumulated CO,balanced by HFR1,upregulate the expression of FT,TSF,SOC1,and SPLs to accelerate ***,we found that the function of PIF7 in flowering time is independent of ***,these regulatory interactions establish a crucial link between the light signal and genetic network that regulates flowering transition under shade.

关键词： flowering time shade avoidance response PIF7 CO HFR1

LC2 and OsVIL2 Promote Rice flowering by Photoperoid-lnduced Epigenetic Silencing of OsLF

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Molecular Plant 2013年第2期6卷 514-527页

作者： Jun Wang Jiang Hu Qian Qian Hong-Wei Xue National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chineseacademy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China State key Laboratory of Rice Biology China National Rice Research institute Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 People's Republic of China

Proper flowering time is essential for plant reproduction. Winter annual Arabidopsis thaliana needs ver-nalization before flowering, during which AtVILs （VIN3 and VRNS, components of PRC2 complex） mediate the H3K27 tri- methylation at the FLC locus （a floral repressor） to repress the FLC expression and hence to induce flowering. However, how VILs （VIL, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE） function in rice is unknown. Here we demonstrated that rice LC2 （OsVIL3） and OsVIL2 （two OsVILs, possible components of PRC2 complex） promote rice flowering. Our results showed that expressions of LC2 and OsVIL2 are induced by SD （short-day） conditions and both Ic2 mutant and OsVIL2-RNAi lines display delayed heading date, consistent with the reduced expression levels of Hdl and Hd3a. Interestingly, LC2 binds to the promoter region of a floral repressor OsLF and represses the OsLF expression via H3K27 tri-methylation modification. In addition, OsLF directly regulates the Hdl expression through binding to Hdl promoter. These results first demonstrated that the putative PRC2 in rice is involved in photoperiod flowering regulation, which is different from that of Arabidopsis, and revealed that LC2 binds the promoter region of target gene, presenting a possible mechanism of the recruitment pro-cess of PRC2 complex to its target genes. The studies provide informative clues on the epigenetic control of rice flowering.

关键词： epigenetic control rice flowering LC2 PRC2.

Effect of vernalization on tuberization and flowering in the Tibetan turnip is associated with changes in the expression of FLC homologues

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Plant Diversity 2018年第2期40卷 50-56页

作者： Yan Zheng Landi Luo Yuanyuan Liu Yunqiang Yang Chuntao Wang Xiangxiang Kong Yongping Yang Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan University Kunming 650504 China

The turnip(Brassica rapa var. rapa) is a biennial crop that is planted in late summer/early fall and forms fleshy tubers for food in temperate regions. The harvested tubers then overwinter and are planted again the next spring for flowering and seeds. flowering LOCUS C(FLC) is a MADS-box transcription factor that acts as a major repressor of floral transition by suppressing the flowering promoters FT and SOC1. Here we show that vernalization effectively represses tuber formation and promotes flowering in Tibetan turnip. We functionally characterized four FLC homologues(BrrFLC1,FLC2, FLC3, and FLC5), and found that BrrFLC2 and BrrFLC1 play a major role in repressing flowering in turnip and in transgenic Arabidopsis. In contrast, tuber formation was correlated with BrrFLC1 expression in the hypocotyl and was repressed under cold treatment following the quantitative downregulation of BrrFLC1. Grafting experiments of non-vernalized and vernalized turnips revealed that vernalization independently suppressed tuberization in the tuber or hypocotyl of the rootstock or scion, which occurred in parallel with the reduction in BrrFLC1 activity. Together, our results demonstrate that the Tibetan turnip is highly responsive to cold exposure, which is associated with the expression levels of BrrFLC genes.

关键词： Tibetan turnip Tuberization flowering BrrFLC genes Vernalization

The vernalization-induced long non-coding RNA VAS functions with the transcription factor TaRF2b to promote TaVRN1 expression for flowering in hexaploid wheat

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Molecular Plant 2021年第9期14卷 1525-1538页

作者： Shujuan Xu Qi Dong Min Deng Dexing Lin Jun Xiao Peilei Cheng Lijing Xing Yuda Niu Caixia Gao Wenhao Zhang Yunyuan Xu Kang Chong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Innovation Academy for Seed Design Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering Center for Genome EditingInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyInnovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Horticulture Nanjing Agricultural UniversityKey Laboratory of LandscapingMinistry of AgricultureNanjing 210095China CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Vernalization is a physiological process in which prolonged cold exposure establishes flowering competence in winter plants. In hexaploid wheat, TaVRN1 is a cold-induced key regulator that accelerates floral transition. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the gradual activation of TaVRN1 during the vernalization process remains unknown. In this study, we identified the novel transcript VAS (TaVRN1 alternative splicing) as a non-coding RNA derived from the sense strand of the TaVRN1 gene only in winter wheat, which regulates TaVRN1 transcription for flowering. VAS was induced during the early period of vernalization, and its overexpression promoted TaVRN1 expression to accelerate flowering in winter wheat. VAS physically associates with TaRF2b and facilitates docking of the TaRF2b-TaRF2a complex at the TaVRN1 promoter during the middle period of vernalization. TaRF2b recognizes the Sp1 motif within the TaVRN1 proximal promoter region, which is gradually exposed along with the disruption of a loop structure at the TaVRN1 locus during vernalization, to activate the transcription of TaVRN1. The tarf2b mutants exhibited delayed flowering, whereas transgenic wheat lines overexpressing TaRF2b showed earlier flowering. Taken together, our data reveal a distinct regulatory mechanism by which a long non-coding RNA facilitates the transcription factor targeting to regulate wheat flowering, providing novel insights into the vernalization process and a potential target for wheat genetic improvement.

关键词： winter wheat vernalization flowering long non-coding RNA chromosome loop