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Geomorphic Habitat Type, Drift Cell, Forage fish and Juvenile Salmon： Are They Linked？

Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2012年第5期1卷 688-703页

作者： J. Anne Shaffer Patrick Crain Todd Kassler Dan Penttila Dwight Barry Coastal Watershed Institute Port Angeles Washington 98362 USA Olympic National Park Port Angeles Washington 98362 USA Washington Department offish and Wildlife Molecular Genetics Laboratory Olympia Washington 98501 USA Salish Sea Biological Incorporated Anacortes Washington 98221 USA Huxley College of the Environment-Peninsulas Western Washington University Port Angeles Washington 98362 USA

The role of geomorphic habitat type, drift cell scale, and geographic scale in defining fish use of nearshore habitats is poorly known, particularly for Pacific salmon and their prey. In this study, key areas of nearshore habitat in central and western Strait of Juan de Fuca were categorized by geomorphic habitat type and assessed for fish use within a degraded （Elwha） and intact comparative drift cells over a one year period. Juvenile Chinook and coho salmon were also sampled for genetic analysis to define regional dispersal patterns. Key findings are：（1） Ecological function of the area＇s nearshore is complex, with very strong seasonal variation in fish use both within and across GMHT （geomorphic habitat type）; （2） GMHT link to nearshore function for fish use differs depending on the fish species and time of year. Surf smelt and sand lance were the most abundant. And they were seasonally used embayed, spit, and bluff shorelines more than lower rivers. Juvenile Chinook, coho, and chum salmon occurred in much lower density than forage fish species, and used lower rivers more than other GMHTs; （3） When GMHTs were combined and analyzed at the drift cell scale, the degraded drift cell had different ecological patterns than the intact drift cell; （4） Cross regional juvenile fish use of nearshore is an important component of habitat use： juvenile Chinook and coho from as far away as the Columbia River Oregon and Klamath River California utilize central Strait of Juan de Fuca shorelines. Forage fish species may do so as well. Drift cell and cross regional scales are therefore most important for accurately defining nearshore ecological function, management, and restoration actions.

关键词： Nearshore geomorphic habitat type fish use Elwha Chinook.

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