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fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, andβ-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs:A review

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Animal Nutrition 2019年第3期5卷 217-226页

作者： Utsav P.Tiwari Amit K.Singh Rajesh Jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences College of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa

Dietary fibers(DF)contain an abundant amount of energy,although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them.However,a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes,which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF.Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut,producing shortchain fatty acids(SCFA)that after the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of pigs.Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part,allowing protein fermentation in the distal part,resulting in colonic diseases.The structures of resistant starch(RS),arabinoxylan(AX),and β-glucan(βG)are complex;hence,makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells.Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates.The RS,AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community.The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different,which influences the penetration capacity of microbes.Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses,but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX.fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine,whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine.Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota.Therefore,it is important to have information of different types of RS,AX and(3 G and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut.This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS,AX,and βG are fermented,and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs.These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can

关键词： Butyrate fermentation Gut ecology Microbiota Short-chain fatty acids Swine

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Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swine

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第5期13卷 1402-1412页

作者： Utsav P.Tiwari Rabindra K.Mandal Kabi Raj Neupane Birendra Mishra Rajesh Jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa1955 East-West RdHonoluluHI 96822USA Indiana University School of Medicine IndianaUSA Math and Sciences Division Leeward community collegePearl CityHI 96782USA

Background:Alternative feedstuffs may contribute to reducing feed costs of pig production.But these feedstuffs are typically rich in fiber and resistant starch(RS).Dietary fibers and RS are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)and modulate the microbial community.Certain microbes in the GIT can promote host health,depending on the type of fermentation substrates available.In this study,six alternative feedstuffs(three starchy:Okinawan sweet potato,OSP;yam,and taro,and three fibrous:wheat millrun,WMR;barley brewers grain,BBG;and macadamia nut cake,MNC)were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and their effects on pig’s hindgut microbial profile.After 2 steps of enzymatic digestion assay,residues were fermented using fresh pig feces as microbial inoculum,and gas production was recorded periodically for 72 h and modeled for fermentation kinetics.After fermentation,the residual liquid phase was analyzed for short-chain fatty acid(SCFA),and the solid phase was used to determine the nutrient’s digestibility and microbial community.Results:In vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy was higher in starchy than fibrous feedstuffs.Total gas and SCFA production were significantly higher(P<0.001)in starchy feedstuffs than fibrous feedstuffs.Both acetate and propionate production was significantly higher(P<0.001)in all starchy feedstuffs than BBG and MNC;WMR was in between.Overall alpha diversity was not significantly different within and between starchy and fibrous feedstuffs.Beta diversity(measured using bray Curtis dissimilarity distance)of starchy feedstuffs was significantly different(P<0.005)than fibrous feedstuffs.Conclusion:Starchy feedstuffs acted as a substrate to similar types of microbes,whereas fibrous feedstuffs resulted in a more diverse microbial population.Such alternative feedstuffs may exert comparable beneficial effects,thus may be included in swine diets to improve gut health.

关键词： fermentation Fiber Gut health Microbial diversity Starch Swine

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fermentation, formulation and evaluation of PGPR Bacillus subtilis isolate as a bioagent for reducing occurrence of peanut soil-borne diseases

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第9期18卷 2080-2092页

作者： Abdel-Gayed M.Ahmad Abo-Zaid G.Attia Matar S.Mohamed Hafez E.Elsayed Onion Garlic and Oil Crops Research DepartmentPlant Pathology Research InstituteAgricultural Research CenterGiza 12619Egypt Bioprocess Development Department Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research InstituteCity of Scientific Research and Technological ApplicationsNew Borg El-Arab CityAlexandria 21934Egypt Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringJazan UniversityJazan 45142Saudi Arabia Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department Arid Lands Cultivation Research InstituteCity of Scientific Research and Technological ApplicationsNew Borg El-Arab CityAlexandria 21934Egypt

Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis coded,B4,B7,B8 and B10 were examined as biocontrol agents for their abilities and antagonistic effect on the in vitro growth of certain phytopathogenic fungi of peanut,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4(GenBank accession no.EF150884)was the highly effective one for inhibiting the fungal mycelial growth.Batch fermentation of B.subtilis isolate B4 was carried out and the maximum biomass achieved was 4.53 g L-1 at 11 h.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4 was formulated and evaluated as a biofungicide to reduce peanut soil-borne diseases under greenhouse and field conditions at the side of Rizolex-T(fungicide)as standard.Treatments by formulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)B.subtilis B4 and Rizolex-T in a soil infested with R.solani,S.rolfsii and mixture of them were more effective in decreasing percentage of damping-off,root and pod rot disease incidence(%)in greenhouse and open field environment during the two seasons 2015 and 2016.Treatments by PGPR gave highly dry weight and number of healthy pods compared to control of fungi treatment which was nearby to dry weights of healthy pods achieved by treatments by Rizolex-T in a soil infested with S.rolfsii,R.solani and mixture of them.Formulated PGPR B.subtilis B4 gave higher increasing of yield percentage than treatment by Rizolex-T in the two evaluated seasons 2015 and 2016.It can conclude that the produced bioforumlated agent was more efficient as fungicide when compared with the other chemical synthesized fungicides,safe for human and the environment and economy.

关键词： peanut soil-borne diseases Bacillus subtilis biocontrol fermentation formulation

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Bioprocessing of underutilized Artocarpus altilis fruit to bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae:A fermentation condition improvement study

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生物质资源与工程(英文) 2023年第2期8卷 125-135页

作者： Eriola Betiku Ebenezer O Olatoye Lekan M.Latinwo Department of Biological Sciences Florida Agricultural and Mechanical UniversityTallahassee32307USA Biochemical Engineering Laboratory Department of Chemical EngineeringObafemi Awolowo UniversityIle-Ife220005Nigeria

Raw materials availability needed for commercial bioethanol production is one of the chal-lenges against its global adoption.Identifying rich,cheap,underused,and readily available starch sources for bioethanol production could help address the problem.Thus,this current study inves-tigated the bioconversion of underutilized Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)starch to bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The effects of the essential fermentation conditions(fermentation time,breadfruit starch hydrolysate(BSH)concentration,pH,and inoculum size)and their interactions on bioethanol production were investigated.The central composite design was used to generate twenty-one experiments conducted under batch fermentation conditions in the laboratory.The breadfruit starch hydrolysis led to a BSH concentration of 108.9 g/L under a starch concentration of 122 g/L,microwave output of 720 W,and an incubation time of 6 min.For the fermentation of BSH,maximum bioethanol production of 4.99%(V)was reached under the cultivation conditions of BSH concentration of 80 g/L,medium pH of 4.7,inoculum size of 2%(V),and fermentation time of 20.41 h.Except for pH,the impact of each parameter on the bioethanol production was in this order:BSH concentration,inoculum size,and fermentation time.While for the interactions amongst the parameters,the impact is in this order:BSH concentration and inoculum size;BSH concentration and fermentation time;and fermentation time and inoculum size.The results of this study indicated breadfruit starch could be hydrolyzed using acid hydrolysis and microwave irradiation in a relatively short time.The BSH obtained could potentially add to other substrates for bioethanol production.

关键词： Starch Hydrolysis Yeast fermentation Bioethanol Biofuel Optimization

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Purification of bioethanol fermentation broth using hydrophilic PVA crosslinked PVDF-GO/TiO_(2) membrane

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023年第3期55卷 123-136页

作者： Tutuk Djoko Kusworo Monica Yulfarida Andri Cahyo Kumoro Dani Puji Utomo Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringDiponegoro UniversitySemarangIndonesia

The presence of impurities in the bioethanol fermentation broth should be removed to mitigate any possible ineffective refining processes as well as to enhance bioethanol production. In this study, a prefiltration process was carried out for separating fermentation yeast cells and residual substrates using a microfiltration membrane. Hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride-graphene oxide/titanium dioxide(PVDF-GO/TiO_(2)) membrane with polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) surface-coating modification was fabricated and characterized. Membrane modification attempts have succeeded in increasing the hydrophilicity as indicated by contact angle decline from 72.10° to 34.83° and affinity towards water leading to higher water permeability. The performance evaluation showed that 90.77% of unwanted by-products(yeast cells and residual substrate) can be removed. This high rejection is also followed by a high and stable flux performance at 40.20 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1) where the flux was increased by 13 times compared to that of the neat membrane. The PVA-coated PVDF-GO/TiO2showed the best anti-biofouling performance with a flux recovery ratio after 5 days incubation(FRR5d) of 93.55%. This membrane material has excellent prospects in future membrane development for either in-situ application or as a pre-filtration in the fermentation process to separate living cells and residual substrates before being further processed in the refining processes.

关键词： Biofuel Membranes fermentation Filtration Separation Selectivity

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Separation of salidroside from the fermentation broth of engineered Escherichia coli using macroporous adsorbent resins

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022年第4期35卷 260-267页

作者： Xiaocui Sun Xue Liu Guang-Rong Zhao Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering(Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300350China Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute Tianjin UniversityShenzhen 518071China

Salidroside(8-O-β-D-glucoside of tyrosol),a plant-derived natural product,is used for treatment of hypoxia,fatigue and aging diseases.The availability of salidroside is restricted since it is extracted from3-5 years old Rhodiola roots,which grow very slowly in the cold region of northern hemisphere of Earth.Our laboratory has constructed an engineered Escherichia coli and established a fermentation process to produce salidroside from glucose.In this article,nine macroporous resins from polarity to non-polarity,including NKA-9,S-8,AB-8,SP825,D101,LSA-8,LX-12,LX-18 and LX-68 resins,were tested to separate salidroside from fermentation broth.After static and dynamic experiments,the weakly polar SP825 resin had a better separation efficiency among nine resins.The adsorption kinetic and isotherm of salidroside on the SP825 resin were determined,and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model could be fitted well.The effects of the pH on adsorption and ethanol concentration on desorption were investigated,and an optimal separation process was established.The adsorption for salidroside in the SP825 resin column was conducted with loading 150 ml at pH 7,and desorpted by washing 50 ml of80%ethanol solution.Under the best process conditions,the purity and yield of salidroside in the final product were 91.6%and 74.0%,respectively.The results showed that the macroporous SP825 resin would be feasible and effective to prepare salidroside and has promising application in the downstream process of microbial fermentation.

关键词： Adsorption Desorption fermentation Macroporous resin Salidroside

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Development of an integrated process for the production of high-purityγ-aminobutyric acid from fermentation broth

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022年第10期50卷 361-368页

作者： Zhaofeng Zhang Juanjuan Ding Min Wu Bochao Liu Huiwen Song Shengping You Wei Qi Rongxin Su Zhimin He Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Henan Julong Biological Engineering Co. LtdChina

γ-Aminobutyric acid(GABA),a natural non-protein amino acid,plays an irreplaceable role in regulating the life activities of organisms.Nowadays,the separation and purification of food-grade GABA from fermentation broth is still a great challenge.This research utilized monosodium glutamate as a substrate for the production of high-purity GABA via an integrated process incorporating fermentation,purification,and crystallization.Firstly,147 g·L^(-1) GABA with a yield of 99.8%was achieved through fed-batch fermentation by Lactobacillus brevis CE701.Secondly,three integrated purification methods by ethanol precipitation were compared,and crude GABA with a purity of 89,85%was obtained by the optimized method.Thirdly,GABA crystals with a purity of 98.69%and a yield of 60%were further obtained through a designed crystallization process.Furthermore,the GABA industrial production process model was established by Superproper Designer V10 software,and material balance and economic analysis were carried out.Ethanol used in the process was recovered with a recovery of 98.79%through Aspen simulated extractive distillation.Then the fixed investment(equipment purchase and installation costs)for an annual production of 80 t GABA will be about 833000 USD;the total annual production cost(raw material cost and utility cost)will be about 641000 USD.The annual sale of GABA may be at the range of 2400000-4000000 USD and the payback period will be about 1-2 year.This integrated process provides a potential way for the industrial-scale production of food-grade GABA.

关键词： fermentation Desalination Precipitation Crystallization Superproper DesignerV10 Aspen

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Enhanced copper recovery from low grade copper sulfide ores through bioleaching using residues produced by fermentation of agricultural wastes

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2022年第12期29卷 2136-2143页

作者： Wei Chen Shenghua Yin Qing Song Leiming Wang Xun Chen Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China School of Civil and Resource Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

Effects of residues produced by agricultural wastes fermentation(AWF)on low grade copper sulfide ores bioleaching,copper recovery,and microbial community were investigated.The results indicated that adding appropriate bulk of AWF made contributions to low grade copper sulfide ores bioleaching,which may be mainly realized through reducing the passivation layer formed by Fe3+hydrolysis.Improved copper recovery(78.35%)and bacteria concentration(9.56×10^(7)cells·mL^(−1))were yielded in the presence of 5 g·L^(−1)AWF.The result of 16S rDNA analysis demonstrated that microbial community was differentiated by adding AWF.Bacteria proportion,such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Moraxella osloensis,and Lactobacillus acetotolerans changed distinctly.Great difference between samples was showed according to beta diversity index,and the maximum value reached 0.375.Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans accounted for the highest proportion throughout the bioleaching process,and that of sample in the presence of 5 g·L^(−) AWF reached 28.63%.The results should show reference to application of agricultural wastes and low grade copper sulfide ores.

关键词： low grade copper sulfide ores bioleaching agricultural wastes fermentation microbial community

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Enhanced straw fermentation process based on microbial electrolysis cell coupled anaerobic digestion

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022年第4期35卷 239-245页

作者： Xinyu Yan Bobo Wang Hongxia Liang Jie Yang Jie Zhao Fabrice Ndayisenga Hongxun Zhang Zhisheng Yu Zhi Qian College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences-Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS)Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental ScienceBeijing 100085China Received:2020-11-12 Revised:2021-05-08 Online:2022-04-28 Published:2022-06-18

The low quality and yield of methane severely hinder the industrial application of straw biogas fermentation, and no effective solution has been found so far. In this study, a novel method was developed when a microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) was coupled with normal anaerobic fermentation to enhance methane yield and purity. The fermentation process achieved a methane purity of more than 85%, which is considerably higher than that of previously published reports. With microbial stimulation and an electric current, the degradation of fibers has been greatly enhanced. The MEC system substantially improved the yield and purity of biogas, bringing a new path to the synthesis of methane by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in solution under electron irradiation. Electrochemical index analysis showed extra methane synthesis, due to the external circuit electron transfer. The results of the gas chromatography and solid degradation rate showed that the carbon source of extra methane was CO_(2) produced during normal fermentation and additional volatile solid degradation. These results show that the MEC considerably enhanced the quality and yield of methane in the straw fermentation process, providing insights into normal anaerobic fermentation.

关键词： Microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) Methane Straw fermentation Bioenergy

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Effect of cooked rice with added fructo-oligosaccharide on faecal microorganisms investigated by in vitro digestion and fermentation

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2023年第2期12卷 662-668页

作者： Fei Pei Wen Li Xiaolei Ni Xinyang Sun Yijun Yao Yong Fang Wenjian Yang Qiuhui Hu College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing Nanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjing 210023China Department of Food and Human Nutritionl Sciences University of ManitobaWinnipeg MB R3T 2N2Canada

In the present study,the effects of cooked rice(CR)with added fructo-oligosaccharide(FOS)on faecal flora were studied by a simulated in vitro digestion and fermentation method.The total carbohydrate content,p H,and s hort-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)were determined during in vitro digestion and fermentation.The change in the bacterial phase distribution after the fermentation was also analysed.The results showed that t he total carbohydrate content of the CR with added FOS(FCR)significantly decreased during the simulated digestion.Meanwhile,the p H of the FCR decreased and the SCFAs concentration increased significantly compared to those of the CR during the simulated fermentation.In addition,the FCR showed the advantage of promoting beneficial bacteria,such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,and inhibiting harmful bacteria,such as Bacteroides and Klebsiella compared to the CR.Therefore,the FOS as a prebiotic could be recommended to produce the high-quality healthy rice food.

关键词： Fructo-oligosaccharide In vitro fermentation Rice Short-chain fatty acids Bacterial phase distribution

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