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Origins of building blocks of life: A review

Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1117-1153页

作者： Norio Kitadai Shigenori Maruyama Earth-life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology

How and where did life on Earth originate？ To date, various environments have been proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a limited stage of chemical evolution, or emergence of a specific chemical function of proto-biological systems. It remains unclear what geochemical situations could drive all the stages of chemical evolution, ranging from condensation of simple inorganic compounds to the emergence of self-sustaining systems that were evolvable into modern biological ones. In this review, we summarize reported experimental and theoretical findings for prebiotic chemistry relevant to this topic, including availability of biologically essential elements（N and P） on the Hadean Earth, abiotic synthesis of life＇s building blocks（amino acids, peptides, ribose, nucleobases, fatty acids, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides）, their polymerizations to bio-macromolecules（peptides and oligonucleotides）, and emergence of biological functions of replication and compartmentalization. It is indicated from the overviews that completion of the chemical evolution requires at least eight reaction conditions of（1） reductive gas phase,（2） alkaline pH,（3） freezing temperature,（4）fresh water,（5） dry/dry-wet cycle,（6） coupling with high energy reactions,（7） heating-cooling cycle in water, and（8） extraterrestrial input of life＇s building blocks and reactive nutrients. The necessity of these mutually exclusive conditions clearly indicates that life＇s origin did not occur at a single setting; rather, it required highly diverse and dynamic environments that were connected with each other to allow intratransportation of reaction products and reactants through fluid circulation. Future experimental research that mimics the conditions of the proposed model are expected to provide further constraints on the processes and mechanisms for the origin of life.

关键词： Astrobiology Biochemistry Chemical evolution extraterrestrial life Hadean Earth Hydrothermal systems

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A new semi-quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) method for detection of maleimide (2,5-pyrroledione) with potential application to astrobiology

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第5期12卷 421-426页

作者： J.Aramendia L.Gomez-Nubla M.L.Tuite K.H.Williford K.Castro J.M.Madariaga Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology4800 Oak Grove DrPasadenaCA 91109United States Department of Analytical Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O.Box 64448080 BilbaoSpain

Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are fundamental biochemical components of all life on Earth and,presumably,life elsewhere in our solar *** and characterization of these compounds by traditional solvent extraction,chromatographic separation,and GC-MS analysis require more sample mass than will be available from samples returned to Earth from *** its small sample mass requirement,Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy could be an appropriate technique for analysis of returned *** have developed a SERS method for the detection of maleimide(2,5-pyrroledione),an N-containing heterocycle with a structure that is widespread in *** semi-quantitative methodology accurately determines maleimide concentration in the range from 60 mg/mL to 120 mg/*** present a maleimide SERS standard spectrum which will be useful as a reference for future *** present work demonstrates an easy,accurate,and effective method for the non-destructive qualitative and semi-quantitative study of maleimide as a first step toward developing a method for analysis of related compounds.

关键词： Maleimide Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Astrobiology Biosignature extraterrestrial life

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Detection of biosignatures in Terrestrial analogs of Martian regions:Strategical and technical assessments

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2022年第5期6卷 431-450页

作者： JianXun Shen Yan Chen Yu Sun Li Liu YongXin Pan Wei Lin Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

For decades, the search for potential signs of Martian life has attracted strong international interest and has led to significant planning and scientific implementation. Clearly, in order to detect potential life signals beyond Earth, fundamental questions, such as how to define such terms as “life” and “biosignature”, have been given considerable attention. Due to the high costs of direct exploration of Mars, Mars-like regions on Earth have been invaluable targets for astrobiological research, places where scientists could practice the search for “biosignatures” and refine ways to detect them. This review summarizes scientific instrumental techniques that have resulted from this work. Instruments must necessarily be our “eyes” and “hands” as we attempt to identify and quantify biosignatures on *** devices that can be applied in astrobiology include mass spectrometers and electromagnetic-spectrum-based spectrometers,redox potential indicators, circular dichroism polarimeters, in situ nucleic acid sequencers, life isolation/cultivation systems, and *** devices and how to interpret the data they collect have been tested in Mars-analog extreme environments on Earth to validate their practicality on Mars. To anticipate the challenges of instrumental detection of biosignatures through the full evolutionary history of Mars, Terrestrial Mars analogs are divided into four major categories according to their similarities to different Martian geological periods(the Early-Middle Noachian Period, the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian Period, the Late Hesperian-Early Amazonian Period, and the Middle-Late Amazonian Period). Future missions are suggested that would focus more intensively on Mars’ Southern Hemisphere, once landing issues there are solved by advances in spacecraft engineering, since exploration of these early terrains will permit investigations covering a wider continuum of the shifting habitability of Mars through its geological history. Finally,

关键词： biosignature detection framework extraterrestrial life evolutionary history of Mars field trial instrument Mars analog

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