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The endoplasmic reticulum: A dynamic and well-connected organelle

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2015年第1期57卷 50-62页

作者： Chris Hawes Petra Kiviniemi Verena Kriechbaumer Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Oxford Brookes University

The endoplasmic reticulum forms the first compart- ment in a series of organelles which comprise the secretory pathway, it takes the form of an extremely dynamic and pleomorphic membrane-bounded network of tubules and cisternae which have numerous different cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the nature of endoplasmic reticulum structure and dynamics, its relationship with closely associated organelles, and its possible function as a highway for the distribution and delivery of a diverse range of structures from metabolic complexes to viral particles.

关键词： Actin endomembranes Golgi microtubules myosin

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A Bi-Functional Xyloglucan Galactosyltransferase Is an Indispensable Salt Stress Tolerance Determinant in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2013年第4期6卷 1344-1354页

作者： Wenbo Li Qingmei Guan Zhen-Yu Wang Yingdian Wang Jianhua Zhu College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA Center for Plant Stress Genomics and Technology King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Salinity is an abiotic stress that substantially limits crop production worldwide. To identify salt stress tolerance determinants, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants that are hypersensitive to salt stress and designated these mutants as short root in salt medium （rsa）. One of these mutants, rsa3-1, is hypersensitive to NaCI and LiCI but not to CsCI or to general osmotic stress. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） over-accumulate in rsa3-1 plants under salt stress. Gene expression profiling with Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that RSA3 controls expression of many genes including genes encoding proteins for ROS detoxification under salt stress. Map-based cloning showed that RSA3 encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase, which is allelic to a gene previously named MUR3/KAM1. The RSA3/ MUR3/KAMl-encoded xylogluscan galactosyltransferase regulates actin microfilament organization （and thereby con- tributes to endomembrane distribution） and is also involved in cell wall biosynthesis. In rsa3-1, actin cannot assemble and form bundles as it does in the wild-type but instead aggregates in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, addition of phal- Ioidin, which prevents actin depolymerization, can rescue salt hypersensitivity of rsa3-1. Together, these results sug- gest that RSA3/MUR3/KAM1 along with other cell wall-associated proteins plays a critical role in salt stress tolerance by maintaining the proper organization of actin microfilaments in order to minimize damage caused by excessive ROS.

关键词： salt stress tolerance xyloglucan galactosyltransferase endomembranes actin microfilaments RSA3.

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An Approach to Quantify Endomembrane Dynamics in Pollen Utilizing Bioactive Chemicals

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Molecular Plant 2013年第4期6卷 1202-1213页

作者： Nolan Ung Michelle Q. Brown Glenn R. Hicks Natasha V. Raikhel Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA

Tip growth of pollen tubes and root hairs occurs via rapid polar growth. These rapidly elongating cells require tip-focused endomembrane trafficking for the deposition and recycling of proteins, membranes, and cell wall materials. Most of the image-based data published to date are subjective and non-quantified. Quantitative and com- parative descriptors of these highly dynamic processes have been a major challenge, but are highly desirable for genetic and chemical genomics approaches to dissect this biological network. To address this problem, we screened for small molecules that perturbed the localization of a marker for the Golgi Ras-like monomeric G-protein RAB2：GFP expressed in transgenic tobacco pollen. Semi-automated high-throughput imaging and image analysis resulted in the identifica- tion of novel compounds that altered pollen tube development and endomembrane trafficking. Six compounds that caused mislocalization and varying degrees of altered movement of RAB2：GFP-labeled endomembrane bodies were used to generate a training set of image data from which to quantify vesicle dynamics. The area, velocity, straightness, and intensity of each body were quantified using semi-automated image analysis tools revealing quantitative differences in the phenotype caused by each compound. A score was then given to each compound enabling quantitative comparisons between compounds. Our results demonstrate that image analysis can be used to quantitatively evaluate dynamic sub- cellular endomembrane phenotypes induced by bioactive chemicals, mutations, or other perturbing agents as part of a strategy to quantitatively dissect the endomembrane network.

关键词： endomembranes vesicle trafficking quantification pollen chemical biology.

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