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Expert consensus on difficulty assessment of endodontic therapy

International Journal of Oral Science 2024年第1期16卷 15-25页

作者： Dingming Huang Xiaoyan Wang Jingping Liang Junqi Ling Zhuan Bian Qing Yu Benxiang Hou Xinmei Chen Jiyao Li Ling Ye Lei Cheng Xin Xu Tao Hu Hongkun Wu Bin Guo Qin Su Zhi Chen Lihong Qiu Wenxia Chen Xi Wei Zhengwei Huang Jinhua Yu Zhengmei Lin Qi Zhang Deqin Yang Jin Zhao Shuang Pan Jian Yang Jiayuan Wu Yihuai Pan Xiaoli Xie Shuli Deng Xiaojing Huang Lan Zhang Lin Yue Xuedong Zhou State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Center for Stomatology&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina Department of Cariology and Endodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology&National Center of Stomatology&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology&Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology&Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health&NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijingChina Department of Endodontics Shanghai Ninth People’s HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Center for StomatologyShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics Hospital of StomatologyGuanghuaSchool of StomatologySun Yat-Sen University&Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhouChina The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology(Hubei-MOST)&Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina Department of Operative Dentistry&Endodontics School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina Department of Endodontics Beijing Stomatological HospitalSchool of StomatologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Center for Stomatology&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Department of Preventive Dentistry West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Center for Stomatology&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Department of Geriatric dentistry West China Hospital of Stomatology

Endodontic diseases are a kind of chronic infectious oral disease. Common endodontic treatment concepts are based on the removal of inflamed or necrotic pulp tissue and the replacement by gutta-percha. However, it is very essential for endodontic treatment to debride the root canal system and prevent the root canal system from bacterial reinfection after root canal therapy(RCT). Recent research, encompassing bacterial etiology and advanced imaging techniques, contributes to our understanding of the root canal system’s anatomy intricacies and the technique sensitivity of RCT. Success in RCT hinges on factors like patients, infection severity, root canal anatomy, and treatment techniques. Therefore, improving disease management is a key issue to combat endodontic diseases and cure periapical lesions. The clinical difficulty assessment system of RCT is established based on patient conditions, tooth conditions, root canal configuration, and root canal needing retreatment, and emphasizes pre-treatment risk assessment for optimal outcomes. The findings suggest that the presence of risk factors may correlate with the challenge of achieving the high standard required for RCT. These insights contribute not only to improve education but also aid practitioners in treatment planning and referral decision-making within the field of endodontics.

关键词： anatomy difficulty treatment

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A Note on the Validity of the Shannon Formulation for Fitts’ Index of difficulty

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2013年第6期3卷 360-368页

作者： Ian Scott MacKenzie Department of Computer Science and Engineering York University Toronto Canada

The three most common variations of Fitts’ index of difficulty are the Fitts formulation, the Welford formulation, and the Shannon formulation. A recent paper by Hoffmann [1] critiqued the three and concluded that the Fitts and Welford formulations are valid and that the Shannon formulation is invalid. In this paper, we challenge Hoffmann’s position regarding the Shannon formulation. It is argued that the issue of validity vs. invalidity is ill-conceived, given that Fitts’ law is a “model by analogy” with no basis in human motor control. The relevant questions are of utility: Does a model work? How well? Is it useful? Where alternative formulations exist, they may be critiqued and compared for strengths and weaknesses, but validity is an irrelevant construct. In a reanalysis of data from Fitts’ law experiments, models built using the Shannon formulation are (re)affirmed to be as good as, and generally better than, those built using the Fitts or Welford formulation.

关键词： Fitts’ Law Index of difficulty Shannon Formulation Effective Target Width Scientific Method

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Effect of rehabilitation education on pain, knee stiffness and performance difficulty in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery: A randomized clinical trial

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Journal of Acute Disease 2019年第6期8卷 233-238页

作者： Sheyda Atabaki Mansoureh Ashghali Farahani Shima Haghani Nursing Department Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Nursing Care Research Center Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran School of Nursing and Midwifery Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran

Objective:To determine the effect of rehabilitation education on pain,knee stiffness and performance difficulty in patients undergoing knee replacement ***:This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 96 patients undergoing knee replacement surgery,who were randomly divided into two groups:the control group and the intervention group,with 48 patients in each *** the intervention group,the patients received educational intervention in four stages one day before surgery,24 h and 48 h later,upon discharge from the *** the control group,only the routine of the hospital was *** were completed before and 6 weeks after the ***:The mean scores of pain,knee stiffness and performance difficulty were significantly decreased in the intervention group(P=0.01).Compared to the control group,the intervention group had a better outcome of the illness,including pain,knee stiffness and performance difficulty(P=0.001).Conclusion:Rehabilitation education could be a suitable way to improve the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing total knee replacement.

关键词： Knee joint replacement Pain Knee stiffness Performance difficulty Rehab training Rehab nurse

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Sensitivity Analysis on the Negative Degree of difficulty Geometric Programming Problem

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American Journal of Operations Research 2020年第1期10卷 13-23页

作者： H. O. Amuji N. P. Olewuezi D. E. Onwuegbuchunam C. Igboanusi Department of Statistics Federal University of Technology Owerri Imo State Nigeria Department of Maritime Management Technology Federal University of Technology Owerri Imo State Nigeria Department of Transport Management Technology Federal University of Technology Owerri Imo State Nigeria

The range of optimal values in cost optimization models provides management with options for decision making. However, it can be quite challenging to achieve feasible range of optimality in Geometric programming (Gp) models having negative degrees of difficulty. In this paper, we conduct sensitivity analysis on the optimal solution of Geometric programming problem with negative degree of difficulty. Using imprest data, we determine the optimal objective function, dual decision variables, primal decision variables;the range of values, the cost coefficient and RHS constraint must lie for the solution to stay optimal. From the analysis, we established that incremental sensitivity analysis has the functional form .

关键词： Negative Degree of difficulty Sensitivity Analysis Primal Decision Variables Dual Decision Variables Global Optimal Solution

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The Reasons of Students’ difficulty in Improving Their Listening in China

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Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 2019年第4期3卷 31-37页

作者： Ying Qi School of Foreign Languages in Xizang Minzu University Xianyang712000China

With the promoting of world integration,the role of English listening and speaking is becoming more and more *** listening is attached more importance to in higher *** many universities and college students take different measures to improve the students’English listening abilities,it is found that it is difficult to improve the students’English listening abilities *** article will analyze the reasons of students’difficulty in improving their listening in the aim at discussing the measures to improve the students’listening effectively with other educators.

关键词： reasons English listening difficulty college students

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*** Benowitz:the future of optic nerve regeneration and the difficulty of keeping retinal ganglion cells alive

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Annals of Eye Science 2018年第1期 207-208页

作者： Wei-En Fan AES

Editor’s note Guangzhou Glaucoma Forum(GZGF)was successfully held in the Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center on April 21-22,*** forum gathered domestic and international experts from all over the world,including *** Benowitz from Harvard Medical School,*** Schmetterer from Singapore Eye Research Institute,*** Chauhan from University of Florida,*** Melamed from Israel,and *** Barton from Moorfields Eye *** editorial team had the honor to interview ***.

关键词： Israel interview difficulty

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Measures of promoting steady growth of industrial economy and supporting service sectors in special difficulty

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China News Release 2022年第3期 46-46页

On February 18,2022,the State Council Information Office held a press conference about measures of promoting the steady growth of the industrial economy and supporting the service sectors in special *** National Devel... 详细信息

关键词： supporting service difficulty

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Rxamining the relationships between medical students'preferred online instructional strategies,course difficulty level,learning performance and effectiveness

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解剖学杂志 2021年第S1期44卷 256-256页

作者： Cheng Xin Yang Xuesong Jinan University Guangzhou 510632

Students'preferences and engagement with online educational resources and activities are crucial for academic success in the context of online medical *** study investigated the preferences of Chinese medical students regarding the teaching strategies used by instructors and their relationship with course difficulty level,students'academic performance and perceived *** data(n=375)was collected from the medical students from one of the largest medical schools in Southern China during the spring semester of 2020.

关键词： difficulty teaching instru

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Neural Network Accelerated Investigation of the Dynamic Structure-Performance Relations of Electrochemical CO_(2) Reduction over SnO_(x),Surfaces

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Research 2023年第2期2023卷 351-360页

作者： Lulu Li Zhi-Jian Zhao Gong Zhang Dongfang Cheng Xin Chang Xintong Yuan Tuo Wang Jinlong Gong School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192China Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou 350207China

Heterogeneous catalysts,especially metal oxides,play a curial role in improving energy conversion efficiency and production of valuable ***,the surface structure at the atomic level and the nature of active sites are still ambiguous due to the dynamism of surface structure and difficulty in structure characterization under electrochemical conditions.

关键词： conditions structure difficulty

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Phase-controlled van der Waals growth of wafer-scale 2D MoTe_(2) layers for integrated high-sensitivity broadband infrared photodetection

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Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第1期12卷 77-88页

作者： Di Wu Chenguang Guo Longhui Zeng Xiaoyan Ren Zhifeng Shi Long Wen Qin Chen Meng Zhang Xin Jian Li Chong-Xin Shan Jiansheng Jie School of Physics and Microelectronics Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan 450052China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Institute of Nanophotonics Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 511443China Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials(FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu 215123China

Being capable of sensing broadband infrared(IR)light is vitally important for wide-ranging applications from fundamental science to industrial ***-dimensional(2D)topological semimetals are being extensively explored for broadband IR detection due to their gapless electronic structure and the linear energy dispersion ***,the low charge separation efficiency,high noise level,and on-chip integration difficulty of these semimetals significantly hinder their further technological ***,we demonstrate a facile thermal-assisted tellurization route for the van der Waals(vdW)growth of wafer-scale phase-controlled 2D MoTe_(2)***,the type-ⅡWeyl semimetal 1T'-MoTe_(2)features a unique orthorhombic lattice structure with a broken inversion symmetry,which ensures efficient carrier transportation and thus reduces the carrier *** characteristic is a key merit for the well-designed 1T'-MoTe_(2)/Si vertical Schottky junction photodetector to achieve excellent performance with an ultrabroadband detection range of up to 10.6μm and a large room temperature specific detectivity of over 108 Jones in the mid-infrared(MIR)***,the large-area synthesis of 2D MoTe_(2)layers enables the demonstration of high-resolution uncooled MIR imaging capability by using an integrated device *** work provides a new approach to assembling uncooled IR photodetectors based on 2D materials.

关键词： hinder enable difficulty

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