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Repression of the Arabidopsis thaliana Jasmonic Acid/Ethylene-Induced defense Pathway by TGA-Interacting Glutaredoxins Depends on Their C-Terminal ALWL Motif

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Molecular Plant 2012年第4期5卷 831-840页

作者： Mark Zander Shuxia Chen Julia Imkampe Corinna Thurow Christiane Gatz Albrecht-von-Hailer-Institute for Plant Sciences Georg-August-University Gottingen Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3 D-37077 Gottingen Germany College of Horticulture Northwest A&F University Taicheng Road 3 Yangling Shaanxi 712100 PR China

Glutaredoxins are small heat-stable oxidoreductases that transfer electrons from glutathione （GSH） to oxi- dized cysteine residues, thereby contributing to protein integrity and regulation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, floral glutare- doxins ROXY1 and ROXY2 and pathogen-induced ROXY19/GRX480 interact with bZIP transcription factors of the TGACG （TGA） motif-binding family. ROXY1, ROXY2, and TGA factors PERIANTHIA, TGA9, and TGA10 play essential roles in floral development. In contrast, ectopically expressed ROXY19/GRX480 negatively regulates expression of jasmonic acid （JA）/ ethylene （ET）-induced defense genes through an unknown mechanism that requires clade II transcription factors TGA2, TGA5, and/or TGA6. Here, we report that at least 17 of the 21 land plant-specific glutaredoxins encoded in the Arabidopsis genome interact with TGA2 in a yeast-two-hybrid system. To investigate their capacity to interfere with the expression of JA/ET-induced genes, we developed a transient expression system. Activation of the ORA59 （OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS AP2/ERF-domain protein 59） promoter by transcription factor EIN3 （ETHYLENE INSENSITVE 3） was sup- pressed by co-expressed ROXY19/GRX480. Suppression depended on the L＊＊LL motif in the C-terminus of ROXY19/ GRX480. This putative protein interaction domain was recently described as being essential for the TGA/ROXY interaction. Ten of the 17 tested ROXY proteins suppressed ORA59 promoter activity, which correlated with the presence of the C-terminal ALWL motif, which is essential for ROXY1 function in flower development. ROXY19/GRX480-mediated repres- sion depended on the GSH binding site, suggesting that redox modification of either TGA factors or as yet unknown target proteins is important for the suppression of ORA59 promoter activity.

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana cross-talk defense ethylene jasmonic acid glutaredoxins salicylic acid.

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Arabidopsis DXO1 possesses deNADding and exonuclease activities and its mutation affects defense-related and photosynthetic gene expression^FA

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2020年第7期62卷 967-983页

作者： Shuying Pan Kai-en Li Wei Huang Huan Zhong Huihui Wu Yuan Wang He Zhang Zongwei Cai Hongwei Guo Xuemei Chen Yiji Xia Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongChina Department of Biology Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Department of Botany and Plant Sciences Institute of Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia 92521USA State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology School of Life SciencesChinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina

RNA capping and decapping tightly coordinate with transcription,translation,and RNA decay to regulate gene expression.Proteins in the DXO/Rai1 family have been implicated in mRNA decapping and decay,and mammalian DXO was recently found to also function as a decapping enzyme for NAD+-capped RNAs(NAD-RNA).The Arabidopsis genome contains a single gene encoding a DXO/Rai1 protein,AtDXO1.Here we show that AtDXO1 possesses both NAD-RNA decapping activity and 5?-3?exonuclease activity but does not hydrolyze the m7G cap.The atdxo1 mutation increased the stability of NAD-RNAs and led to pleiotropic phenotypes,including severe growth retardation,pale color,and multiple devel-opmental defects.Transcriptome profiling analysis showed that the atdxo1 mutation resulted in upregulation@of defense-related genes but downregulation of photo-synthesis-related genes.The autoimmunity phenotype of the mutant could be suppressed by either eds1 or npr1 mutation.However,the various phenotypes associated with the atdxo1 mutant could be complemented by an enzymatically inactive AtDXO1.The atdxo1 mutation ap-parently enhances post-transcriptional gene silencing by elevating levels of siRNAs.Our study indicates that AtDXO1 regulates gene expression in various biological and physiological processes through its pleiotropic mo-lecular functions in mediating RNA processing and decay.

关键词： decay Arabidopsis defense

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Common mycorrhizal networks activate salicylic acid defense responses of trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata)

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2019年第10期61卷 1099-1111页

作者： Yi-Can Zhang Ying-Ning Zou Li-Ping Liu Qiang-Sheng Wu College of Horticulture and Gardening Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China Institute of Root Biology Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove 50003 Czech Republic

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopo-dis pv. citri ('Xac'), is an important quarantine disease in citrus crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic interactions with host plants and further affect their disease resistance, possibly by modulating the activity of salicylic acid (SA), a key phytohormone in disease resistance. Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) can interconnect plants, but it is not yet clear whether CMNs promote resistance to citrus canker and, if so, whether SA signaling is involved in this process. To test this possibility, we used a two-chambered rootbox to establish CMNs between trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings in chambers inoculated (treated) or not (neighboring) with the AMF, Paraglomus occultum. A subset of the AMF-inoculated seedlings were also inoculated with Xac (+AMF+Xac). At 2 d post-inoculation (dpi), compared with the +AMF-Xac treatment, neighboring seedlings in +AMF+Xac treatment had lower expression levels of the SA biosynthetic genes, PtPAL, PtEPS1, and PtPBS3, but higher SA levels, which attributed to the upregulation of PtPAL and PtPBS3 in treated seedlings and the transfer of SA, via CMNs, to the neighboring seedlings. At 4 dpi, the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, PtPR1, PtPR4, and PtPR5, and the transcriptional regulatory factor gene, PtNPR1, were activated in neighboring seedlings of+AMF+Xac treatment. At 9 dpi, root phenylalanine ammo-nia-lyase activity and total soluble phenol and lignin concentrations increased in neighboring seedlings of+AMF+Xac treatment, likely due to the linkage and signal transfer, via CMNs. These findings support the hypothesis that CMNs transfer the SA signal from infected to neighboring healthy seedlings, to activate defense responses and affording protection to neighboring plants against citrus canker infection.

关键词： Poncirus trifoliata mycorrhizal salicylic acid defense responses

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Silencing NOA1 Elevates Herbivory-Induced Jasmonic Acid Accumulation and Compromises Most of the Carbon-Based defense Metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第8期53卷 619-631页

作者： Hendrik Wünsche Ian T. Baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology

Nitric oxide-associated protein 1 （NOA1） is involved in various abiotic stress responses and is required for plant resistance to pathogen infections. However, the role of NOA1 in plant-herbivore interactions has not been explored. We created NOA1-silenced Nicotiana attenuata plants （irNaNOA1）. Compared with wild-type （WT） plants, irNaNOA1 plants had highly decreased photosynthesis rates. We further examined various traits important for plant defense against its specialist herbivore Manduca sexta by treating WT and irNaNOA1 plants with mechanical wounding and M. sexta oral secretions （OS）. NOA1-silenced plants showed elevated levels of herbivory-induced jasmonic acid （JA）, but decreased JA-isoleucine conjugate （JA-Ile） levels. The decreased JA-Ile levels did not result from compromised JAR （jasmonic acid resistant） activity in irNOA1 plants. Moreover, nitrogen-rich defensive compounds, nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors, did not differ between WT and irNaNOA1 plants. In contrast, concentrations of most carbon-based defensive compounds were lower in these plants than in WT plants, although the levels of chlorogenic acid were not changed. Therefore, silencing NOA1 alters the allocation of carbon resources within the phenylpropanoid pathway. These data suggest the involvement of NOA1 in N. attenuata’s defense against M. sexta attack, and highlight its role in photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of jasmonates and secondary metabolites.

关键词： NOA1 defense herbivory nitric oxide-associated protein 1 secondary metabolites.

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MAPK signaling： A key element in plant defense response to insects

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Insect Science 2015年第2期22卷 157-164页

作者： Christian Hettenhausen Meredith C. Schuman Jianqiang Wu Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoell Str. 8 07745 Jena Germany

Insects have long been the most abundant herbivores, and plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to defend against their attack, In particular, plants can perceive specific patterns of tissue damage associated with insect herbivory. Some plant species can perceive certain elicitors in insect oral secretions （OS） that enter wounds during feeding, and rapidly activate a series of intertwined signaling pathways to orchestrate the biosynthesis of various defensive metabolites. Mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）, common to all eukaryotes, are involved in the orchestration of many cellular processes, including development and stress responses. In plants, at least two MAPKs, salicylic acid-induced protein kinase （SIPK） and wound-induced protein kinase （WlPK）, are rapidly activated by wounding or insect 0S; importantly, genetic studies us- ing transgenic or mutant plants impaired in MAPK signaling indicated that MAPKs play critical roles in regulating the herbivory-induced dynamics of phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid, and MAPKs are also required for transcriptional activation of herbivore defense-related genes and accumulation of defensive metabolites. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding the functions of MAPKs in plant resistance to insect herbivores.

关键词： defense FAC insect jasmonate mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） plant-insect interaction

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Application of stem cells in tissue engineering for defense medicine

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Military Medical Research 2018年第2期5卷 140-158页

作者： Chinedu Cletus Ude Azizi Miskon Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus Muhamad Bin Abu Bakar Bio-artifical Organ and Regenerative Medicine Unit National Defence University of MalaysiaSungai Besi Camp57000 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Physiology Pre-clinical BlockNational University of Malaysia Medical CentreJalan Yaacob LatifBandar Tun Razak56000 Kuala LumpurMalaysia

The dynamic nature of modern warfare,including threats and injuries faced by soldiers,necessitates the development of countermeasures that address a wide variety of injuries.Tissue engineering has emerged as a field with the potential to provide contemporary solutions.In this review,discussions focus on the applications of stem cells in tissue engineering to address health risks frequently faced by combatants at war.Human development depends intimately on stem cells,the mysterious precursor to every kind of cell in the body that,with proper instruction,can grow and differentiate into any new tissue or organ.Recent reports have suggested the greater therapeutic effects of the anti-inflammatory,trophic,paracrine and immune-modulatory functions associated with these cells,which induce them to restore normal healing and tissue regeneration by modulating immune reactions,regulating inflammation,and suppressing fibrosis.Therefore,the use of stem cells holds significant promise for the treatment of many battlefield injuries and their complications.These applications include the treatment of injuries to the skin,sensory organs,nervous system tissues,the musculoskeletal system,circulatory/pulmonary tissues and genitals/testicles and of acute radiation syndrome and the development of novel biosensors.The new research developments in these areas suggest that solutions are being developed to reduce critical consequences of wounds and exposures suffered in warfare.Current military applications of stem cell-based therapies are already saving the lives of soldiers who would have died in previous conflicts.Injuries that would have resulted in deaths previously now result in wounds today;similarly,today’s permanent wounds may be reduced to tomorrow’s bad memories with further advances in stem cell-based therapies.

关键词： Tissue engineering defense medicine Stem cells War injuries

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Effect of temperature on antioxidant defense and innate immunity in Brandt’s voles

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Zoological Research 2019年第4期40卷 305-316页

作者： De-Li Xu Meng-Meng Xu De-Hua Wang College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal UniversityQufu Shandong 273165China State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Ambient temperature is an importa nt factor in flue ncing many physiological processes, in eluding antioxidant defense and immunity. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that antioxidant defense and immunity are suppressed by high and low temperature treatme nt in Bran dt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Thirty male voles were randomly assigned into different temperature groups (4, 23, and 32℃, n=10 for each group), with the treatment course lasting for 27 d. Results showed that low temperature in creased gross en ergy in take (GEI) and liver, heart, and kidney mass, but decreased body fat mass and dry carcass mass. With the decline in temperature, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, which is indicative of reactive oxyge n species (ROS) levels, in creased in the liver, decreased in the heart, and was unchanged in the kidney, testis, and small intestine. Lipid peroxidation indicated by malonaldehyde (MDA) content in the liver, heart, kidney, testis, and small intestine did not differ among groups, implying that high and low temperature did not cause oxidative damage. Similarly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in the five tissues did not respond to low or high temperature, except for elevation of CAT activity in the testis upon cold exposure. Bacteria killing capacity, which is indicative of innate immunity, was nearly suppressed in the 4℃ group in contrast to the 23℃ group, whereas spleen mass and white blood cells were un affected by temperature treatment. The levels of testosterone, but not corticostero ne, were in flue need by temperature treatment, though neither were correlated with innate immunity, H2O2 and MDA levels, or SOD, CAT, and TAOC activity in any detected tissues. Overall, these results showed that temperature had different in flue nces on oxidative stress, an tioxida nt en zymes, and immunity, which depended on the tissues and parameters tested. Up-regulation or maintenance of an tioxida nt defe nse might be an importa nt

关键词： Antioxidant defense Brandt's voles(Lasiopodomys brandtii) Immunity Temperature

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Importance of identifying tropical cyclone tornadoes in typhoon warning and defense systems

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Science Bulletin 2019年第3期64卷 143-145页

作者： Dan Yao Xudong Liang Qing Meng Jian Li Chong Wu Zhengshuai Xie Dandan Chen Jianping Guo State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Tornadoes are highly localized severe weather phenomena and have been of increasing concern in China [1] in recent years, especially after the sinking of the Oriental Star in 2015 [2] and severe tornado damage in Yancheng in 2016 (3)Tornadoes induced by tropical cyclones, however, have received little attention.A recent study has shown that a large number of tornado-scale vortices can be produced at the inner edge of the intense eyewallconvection of tropical cyclones [4].

关键词： tropical cyclone defense systems UAV LST

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A Survey on the Moving Target defense Strategies:An Architectural Perspective

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2019年第1期34卷 207-233页

作者： Jianjun Zheng Akbar Siami Namin Department of Computer Science Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas 79409U.S.A.

As the complexity and the scale of networks continue to grow,the management of the network operations and security defense has become a challenging task for network administrators,and many network devices may not be updated timely,leaving the network vulnerable to potential attacks.Moreover,the static nature of our existing network infrastructure allows attackers to have enough time to study the static configurations of the network and to launch well-crafted attacks at their convenience while defenders have to work around the clock to defend the network.This asymmetry,in terms of time and money invested,has given attackers greater advantage than defenders and has made the security defense even more challenging.It calls for new and innovative ideas to fix the problem.Moving Target defense (MTD)is one of the innovative ideas which implements diverse and dynamic configurations of network systems with the goal of puzzling the exact attack surfaces available to attackers.As a result,the system status with the MTD strategy is unpredictable to attackers,hard to exploit,and is more resilient to various forms of attacks.There are existing survey papers on various MTD techniques,but to the best of our knowledge,insufficient focus was given on the architectural perspective of MTD strategies or some new technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT).This paper presents a comprehensive survey on MTD and implementation strategies from the perspective of the architecture of the complete network system,covering the motivation for MTD,the explanation of main MTD concepts,ongoing research efforts of MTD and its implementation at each level of the network system,and the future research opportunities offered by new technologies such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN)and Internet of Things (IoT).

关键词： moving target defense network security Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

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Design and implementation of a novel enterprise network defense system by maneuvering multi-dimensional network properties

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019年第2期20卷 238-252页

作者： Yang CHEN Hong-chao HU Guo-zhen CHENG National Digital Switching System Engineering & Technological R&D Center

Although the perimeter security model works well enough when all internal hosts are credible, it is becoming increasingly difficult to enforce as companies adopt mobile and cloud technologies, i.e., the rise of bring your own device(BYOD). It is observed that advanced targeted cyber-attacks usually follow a cyber kill chain;for instance, advanced targeted attacks often rely on network scanning techniques to gather information about potential targets. In response to this attack method, we propose a novel approach, i.e., an "isolating and dynamic"cyber defense, which cuts these potential chains to reduce the cumulative availability of the gathered information.First, we build a zero-trust network environment through network isolation, and then multiple network properties are maneuvered so that the host characteristics and locations needed to identify vulnerabilities cannot be located.Second, we propose a software-defined proactive cyber defense solution(SPD) for enterprise networks and design a general framework to strategically maneuver the IP address, network port, domain name, and path, while limiting the performance impact on the benign network user. Third, we implement our SPD proof-of-concept system over a software-defined network controller(OpenDaylight). Finally, we build an experimental platform to verify the system's ability to prevent scanning, eavesdropping, and denial-of-service attacks. The results suggest that our system can significantly reduce the availability of network reconnaissance scan information, block network eavesdropping, and sharply increase the cost of cyber-attacks.

关键词： Intranet defense Software-defined network Multi-dimensional maneuvering

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