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Dissemination of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Latin America and the Caribbean: the Cases of Peru, chile, and Cuba

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Chinese Medicine and Culture 2023年第4期6卷 330-338页

作者： Patricia Palma Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geográficas Universidad de TarapacáTarapacá1010069Chile

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) arrived from China to Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1840s due to the massive migration of Chinese people to the region. In a few years, the press noticed the presence of Chinese herbalists practicing in different cities and countries regardless of the demographic weight of the Chinese community. The fascination with Chinese doctors implicated not only the press but also the literature, a phenomenon particularly observed in Cuba. In the first decades of the 20th century, the reactivation of Chinese immigration to the region fostered an anti-Chinese climate that materialized in more significant migratory restrictions and control of their businesses, such as what happened with Chinese herbalists. These herbalists who practiced inside and outside the Chinese community started to object to criticism and persecution by the conservative press and professional doctors. Despite this, Chinese doctors will continue to maintain their support of a significant number of ill persons. This work seeks to illuminate the historical relevance of TCM in Latin America and the Caribbean, focusing on the cases of Peru, chile, and Cuba. This last country was far from China culturally and geographically, but as in many other small towns in the region, Chinese medicine presented an alternative to the treatment of illnesses.

关键词： Caribbean chile Chinese migration Cuba History of medicine Latin America Peru Traditional Chinese medicine

Construction of a Quadratic Model for Predicted and Measured Global Solar Radiation in chile

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Chinese Physics Letters 2007年第1期24卷 291-293页

作者： Ercan YILMAZ Beatriz CANCINO Edmundo LOPEZ Department of Physics Mustafa Kemal University 31040 Antakya Turkey Department of Food Engineering Pontificia Universidad Catdlica de Valparaiso Chile Department of Electrical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Cat61ica de Valparaiso Chile

Global solar radiation data for sites in chile are analysed and presented in a form suitable for their use in engineering. A new model for monthly average data is developed to predict monthly average global radiation with acceptable accuracy by using actinographic data due to scarcing of pyranometer data. Use of the new quadratic model is proposed because of its relatively wider spectrum of values for Angstrom coefficients ao, al, and a2.

关键词： Quadratic Model Global Solar Radiation chile engineering

First steps in reconstructing Early Jurassic sea water temperatures in the Andean Basin of northern chile based on stable isotope analyses of oyster and brachiopod shells

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2020年第1期9卷 71-87页

作者： Matthias Alberti Franz T.Fürsich Nils Andersen Institut für Geowissenschaften Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu KielLudewig-Meyn-Straβe 1024118 KielGermany GeoZentrum Nordbayern Fachgruppe PalaoUmweltFriedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-NürnbergLoewenichstraβe 2891054 ErlangenGermany Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu KielMax-Eyth-Straβe 1124118 KielGermany

The stable isotope(δ13 C,δ18 O)composition of a collection of Lower Jurassic brachiopods and oysters from the Andean Basin of northern chile was *** results allow the first reconstruction of absolute water temperatures for several ammonite zones in the Lower Jurassic of South *** temperature record starts with comparatively high values in the Late Sinemurian(average:27.0℃;Raricostatum Zone).Just before the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian transition,temperatures dropped to an average of 24.3℃.The lowest temperature value in the dataset was recorded for a brachiopod shell of the latest Pliensbachian Spinatum Zone(19.6℃).No data are available for the Early Toarcian,but results for the late Toarcian show again comparatively warm conditions(average:24.4℃;Thouarsense–Levesquei zones).Even though more material and analyses are necessary to corroborate the recorded temperatures,the present dataset seems to indicate the global nature of the Late Pliensbachian Cooling *** contrast,the global warming during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event has not been recorded due to a lack of Early Toarcian ***δ13 C record of brachiopods and oysters documents a gradual increase in values representing background *** shells were used for high-resolution stable isotope analyses and show seasonal temperature fluctuations over a period of around 3 years in the life time of the *** explained only by temperatures,theδ18 O values point to a minimum estimate for the seasonality in the late Toarcian of slightly more than 3℃.

关键词： Early Jurassic chile Stable isotopes Palaeoclimate Water temperatures Seasonality

Effects of vegetation strata and human disturbance on bird diversity in green areas in a city in southern chile

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Avian Research 2018年第4期9卷 329-343页

作者： Andrés Munoz-Pedreros Marilyn González-Urrutia Francisco Encina-Montoya Heraldo V.Norambuena Núcleo de Investigación en Estudios Ambientales NEA Departamento de Ciencias AmbientalesFacultad de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Católica de TemucoCasilla 15.DTemucoChile Programa de Biodiversidad y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Centro de Estudios Agrarios y AmbientalesCasilla 164ValdiviaChile

Background: Urbanisation is a dominant geographical trend and an important component of global change, with unprecedented implications for socio?economic, cultural and environmental characteristics. However, green areas, including original fragments, can help to conserve native diversity, improving the functioning of these artificial systems in the long term. Urban areas can still provide habitats usable by wild birds, however the structural charac?teristics of the habitat formed by different types of green area differ, and therefore dissimilar bird diversities are to be expected. The object of this study was to characterise the α and β diversities of birds in different green areas and to analyse how diversity relates to ten variables that characterise the ***: We studied the green areas in the city of Temuco, southern chile(Park, Square and Median strips of main streets), evaluating the variables:(a) surface area,(b) vegetation,(c) estimated human impact as the proportions of vegetation and bare soil by area, and the vehicle traffic. The bird assemblage structures were characterised by α(intra?environment) diversity and β diversity(between environments) and the statistical analysis identified the environmen?tal variables related with the presence and abundance of birds. A statistical model was constructed to describe the contribution of the variables to bird ***: We found significant differences between the diversity of bird species in the three types of green area. The β showed medium to high similarity between the different study units. There was a negative correlation with bare soil areas; the correlations with vehicle flow, plant structure and tree and shrub cover were not significant, meaning that these variables did not explain the variation in the richness of bird species between the green areas. However the surface area did explain this variation presenting a positive potential relation. There was also a high correlation with the o

关键词： Urban birds Urban green area Vegetation structure Bird composition chile

A Preliminary Analysis of Trace-Elemental Signatures in Statoliths of Different Spawning Cohorts for Dosidicus gigas off EEZ Waters of chile

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2015年第6期14卷 1059-1067页

作者： LIU Bilin CHEN Xinjun FANG Zhou HU Song SONG Qian College of Marine Sciences Shanghai Ocean University Collaborative Innovation Center for Distant-Water Fisheries The Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources Ministry of Education National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries Shanghai Ocean University Collaborative Innovation Center for National Distant-water Fisheries

We applied solution-based ICP-MS method to quantify the trace-elemental signatures in statoliths of jumbo flying squid, Dosidius gigas, which were collected from the waters off northern and central chile during the scientific surveys carried out by Chinese squid jigging vessels in 2007 and 2008. The age and spawning date of the squid were back-calculated based on daily increments in statoliths. Eight elemental ratios(Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Na/Ca, Fe/Ca, Cu/Ca and Zn/Ca) were analyzed. It was found that Sr is the second most abundant element next to Ca, followed by Na, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Ba and Mn. There was no significant relationship between element/Ca and sea surface temperature(SST) and sea surface salinity(SSS), although weak negative or positive tendency was found. MANOVA analysis showed that multivariate elemental signatures did not differ among the cohorts spawned in spring, autumn and winter, and no significant difference was found between the northern and central sampling locations. Classification results showed that all individuals of each spawned cohorts were correctly classified. This study demonstrates that the elemental signatures in D. gigas statoliths are potentially a useful tool to improve our understanding of its population structure and habitat environment.

关键词： jumbo flying squid element/Ca off EEZ waters of chile solution-based ICP-MS environmental variables

Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Physical Activity in School-age Children: an Urban and Rural Comparison in Valparaíso, chile

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2016年第11期29卷 834-839页

作者： Pablo A Lizana Paula Cisternas-Vallejos Leonel Araya Francisco Aguilera Manuel Mora Laboratory of Morphological Sciences Instituto de BiologfaPontificia Universidad Cat61ica de ValparaisoValparaiso2373223Chile

This study analyze the relation between body composition, physical activity （PA）, and sex in chilean children from rural and urban public educational institutions. The prevalence of obesity （according to BMI） was 30.88% in urban children and 28.93% in rural children. Central obesity presented mainly in the rural girls. Approximately 90% of the participants reported 〈7 h of PA/week, regardless of residential area. In addition, central fat was strongly associated with rural residence; the children reported lower PA levels, and they presented a higher prevalence of central fat. The results reflect the need to implement programs to improve PA conditions in the child urban-rural population.

关键词： an Urban and Rural Comparison in Valpara and Physical Activity in School-age Children so chile Obesity

Changes in chile's Political Landscape

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Contemporary World 2022年第2期 40-44页

作者： Cui Shoujun the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China

On December 19, 2021, chile’s presidential election ended the suspense when Gabriel Boric, the candidate of the left-wing coalition Approve Dignity(Apruebo Dignidad), surprisingly won the second round of voting with ... 详细信息

关键词： chile Gabriel surprising

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Field report:Sailing around the exhumed roots of the Mesozoic Patagonian paleo-accretionary wedge(Diego de Almagro Island,chile)

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第5期9卷 1591-1594页

作者： Samuel Angiboust Jesus Munoz Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Sorbonne Paris CitéUniversity Paris DiderotCNRSF-75005ParisFrance GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences D-14473PotsdamGermany Carrera de Geología Universidad Andres BelloSazie2119SantiagoChile

We undertook a boat expedition to explore the geological framework of a very remote, lesser-known island, in the chilean Patagonia: the Diego de Almagro Island(latitude S51°330'). This uninhabited, ca.400 km^2 Island is one of the very rare exposures of the Mesozoic accretionary subduction complex along the chilean margin. Unstable weather, strong winds, steep topography, and very dense vegetation make an on-land mission difficult. Careful preparation based on high-resolution satellite images is advised to optimize shore access and minimize risks of injury. Despite a relatively important degree of regional reequilibration of metamorphic assemblages due to sluggish exhumation through the forearc crust, our results have shown that the island is composed of a nappe stack of ocean-floor derived slivers of metasedimentary units that exhibit very different pressure-temperature-time paths during burial by subduction under the chilean margin and subsequent exhumation. These rocks are witness to a complex thermal evolution of the subduction zone between Jurassic and Cretaceous times from granulite facies to blueschist facies conditions as well as multiple episodes of accretion at ca. 35 -40 km in depth for almost100 Ma over the Mesozoic era.

关键词： Patagonia Accretionary wedge Blueschists Subduction chile

Further study on deep penetrating geochemistry over the Spence porphyry copper deposit,chile

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Geoscience Frontiers 2011年第3期2卷 303-311页

作者： Xuejing Xie Yinxiu Lu Wensheng Yao Jinfeng Bai Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 84 Jinguang Road Langfang Hebei 065000 China

A study of deep penetrating geochemistry--the surface exploration techniques for finding concealed mineral deposits--was carried out over the Spence porphyry copper deposit in chile by Australian, Canadian and Chinese laboratories using selective weak leach methods and is briefly reviewed here. Erratic and weak copper anomalies were obtained above the Spence deposit, which is concealed below a thick piedmont gravel cover. In the literature, such patterns are common in most of the weak selective leach studies carried out over known buried deposits. During exploration in unknown area, such weak leach techniques lead to some success and many dry holes. In this paper, stronger selective leaching methods are developed for oxides and sulfides, which may be the stable end products transformed and accumulated by a mobile precursor phase carried upward through the overburden by gas or water through long spans of geological time. The data obtained by the methods developed in this paper produced more significant and consistent anomalous data than previous efforts. Consequently, the leach approaches described here may increase the effectiveness of deep penetrating geochemistry in exploration for con- cealed ore deposits.

关键词： Deep penetratinggeochemistry Selective leach Oxides Sulfides Spence Cu deposit chile