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A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第2期136卷 682-697页

作者： Yangyang Guo Lei Luo Tingting Liu Liwei Hao Yinming Li Pengfei Liu Tingyu Zhu CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process EngineeringInnovation Academy for Green ManufactureChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences ResearchBeijing 100041China Ganjiang Innovation Academy Chinese Academy of SciencesGanzhou 341000China

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the cement industry account for 26%of the total industrial emissions,and the need to develop low-carbon techniques within the cement industry is extremely urgent.Low-carbon projects and technologies for the cement industry in different regions and countries have been thoroughly reviewed in this manuscript,and the low-carbon development concept for each county has been analyzed.For developing countries such as China and India,energy saving and efficiency enhancement are currently the key points,while for developed countries and regions such as Europe,more efforts have been focused on carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS).Global CCUS projects have been previously conducted,and the majority of CCUS projects are currently performed in Europe where major projects such as the CEMCAP,CLEANKER,and IEILAC projects represent the latest research progress in cement production technologies and low-carbon technologies for the global cement industry.The development of low-carbon cement technologies has changed from focusing on the end point to instead focusing on the source and process through the exploration of hydrogen and solar energies,and more disruptive and original technologies are expected to be developed,particularly in the cement industry in China.

关键词： cement industry CO_(2)emissions Low carbon development Projects Carbon capture utilization and storage

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Challenges against CO_(2) abatement strategies in cement industry: A review

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2021年第6期33卷 84-101页

作者： Emad Benhelal Ezzatollah Shamsaei Muhammad Imran Rashid Department of Chemical Engineering The University of NewcastleNew South Wales 2287Australia Department of Civil Engineering Monash UniversityClayton 3800VictoriaAustralia Chemical Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Engineering and TechnologyLahore(New Campus)39021Pakistan

cement industry is an intensive source of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions. This industry is responsible for 5% of GHGs emissions and is among the top industrial sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) emissions. Therefore, CO_(2) emissions reduction from cement production process has been always an appealing subject for researches in universities and industry. Various efforts have been carried out to mitigate the huge mass of CO_(2) emissions from the cement industry. Although, majority of these strategies are technically viable, due to various barriers, the level of CO_(2) mitigation in cement industry is still not satisfactory. Among numerous researches on this topic, only a few have tried to answer why CO_(2) abatement strategies are not globally practiced yet. This work aims to highlight the challenges and barriers against widespread and effective implementation of CO_(2) mitigation strategies in the cement industry and to propose practical solutions to overcome such barriers.

关键词： CO_(2)emissions CO_(2)mitigation cement industry Challenges of CO_(2)reduction

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CO2 emissions from cement industry in China： A bottom-up estimation from factory to regional and national levels

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2017年第6期27卷 711-730页

作者： YANG Yan WANG Limao CAO Zhi MOU Chufu SHEN Lei ZHAO Jianan FANG Yebing Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China The CAE Center for Strategic Studies Chinese Academy of Engineering Beijing 100088 China

Much attention is being given to estimating cement-related CO2 emissions in China. However, scant explicit and systematical exploration is being done on regional and national CO2 emission volumes. The aim of this work is therefore to provide an improved bottom-up spatial-integration system, relevant to CO2 emissions at factory level, to allow a more accurate estimation of the CO2 emissions from cement production. Based on this system, the sampling data of cement production lines were integrated as regional- and national-level information. The integration results showed that each ton of clinker produced 883 kg CO2, of which the process, fuel, and electricity emissions accounted for 58.70%, 35.97%, and 5.33%, respectively. The volume of CO2 emissions from clinker and cement production reached 1202 Mt and 1284 Mt, respectively, in 2013. A discrepancy was identified between the clinker emission factors relevant to the two main production processes （i.e., the new suspension preheating and pre-calcining kiln （NSP） and the vertical shaft kiln （VSK））, probably relevant to the energy efficiency of the two technologies. An analysis of the spatial characteristics indi- cated that the spatial distribution of the clinker emission factors mainly corresponded to that of the NSP process. The discrepancy of spatial pattern largely complied with the economic and population distribution pattern of China. The study could fill the knowledge gaps and provide role players with a useful spatial integration system that should facilitate the accurate estimation of carbon and corresponding regional mitigation strategies in China.

关键词： China cement industry CO2 emissions bottom-up estimation spatial integration

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Co-Benefits of CO2 and NOx Emission Control in China's cement industry

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Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 2016年第4期4卷 106-125页

作者： FENG Xiangzhao Oleg LUGOVOY YAN Sheng QIN Hu Policy Research Centre for Environment and Economy Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China Environmental Defense Fund Environmental Defense Fund China Program

Over the past 30 years, China’s cement industry has experienced rapid development. In this study the authors estimate the emissions trend, emissions control policies, and costs of the policies in China’s cement industry under various economic growth scenarios. First, the authors develop a bottom-up energy system — multi-pollutant abatement planning(MAP) model for China’s cement industry based on the existing productivity, a set of retrofitting options and new investments, alternative fuels, and various available emission control technologies. Second, the authors identify key drivers of cement demand to develop scenarios for future cement demand(2012–2030) and corresponding output peak time under high/low economic growth conditions. Third,the authors consider three scenarios including current policies without carbon control(BAU),moderately low carbon scenario(MLC), and radically low carbon scenario(RLC). The scenarios are being built up with different emission control goals and also compared by costs with estimation of marginal abatement cost curve for cement industry. Finally, based on the estimates the authors suggest a cost-efficient green/low carbon development roadmap for China’s cement sector,considering best available technological options and policy instruments. The study estimates the benefits of co-controlling air pollutants and CO2emissions, and proposes an innovative mechanism to deal with air pollution and climate change.

关键词： cement industry CO 2 abatement NO x reduction co-benefit analysis Gompertz model MAP-TIMES model

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Technical Analysis of Energy Saving and Emission Reducing in China's cement industry Based on LEAP Model

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Meteorological and Environmental Research 2013年第1期4卷 1-4,7页

作者： Baoqing Wang Lei Zhang Shu Yao Shuai Yin Deqing Wang College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University

[Objective] The study aimed at evaluating the ability to save energy and reduce CO2 emission in China＇s cement industry. [Method] Based on long-term energy alternative planning system software （LEAP）, ＂LEAP of China＇s cement industry＂ model was established to simulate energy conservation and emission reduction in China＇s cement industry from 2010 to 2040 in different technologic situations. E ResultJ To save ener- gy and reduce CO2 emissions, new dry process kiln has priority over other technologies or measures, followed by equipment enlargement, mechani- cal shaft kiln, power generation system based on waste heat, as well as high-efficiency and energy-saving grinding technology, and new prepara- tion technology. If all the advanced technologies and measures are adopted, energy consumption and C02 emissions can be reduced by about 40.76% and 42.97% respectively. [ Condusion] LEAP of model is suitable for analyzing energy saving and emission reducing in China＇s cement industry and other industrial fields.

关键词： cement industry LEAP software Energy saving and emission reducing Scenario analysis China

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Optimization of Fuel In-Situ Reduction(FISR)Denitrification Technology for cement Kiln using CFD Method

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Journal of Thermal Science 2023年第6期32卷 2256-2272页

作者： SHI Chaoting CAI Jun REN Qiangqiang WU Huixing Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian116023China

Nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))from cement industry have drawn more and more attention and the existing denitrification technologies can hardly meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements in China.In our previous work,fuel in-situ reduction(FISR)method was proposed to cut cement NO_(x)emission.With the pilot-scale precalciner in the previous experiment as objection,optimization of FISR method was conducted using CFD method.The results demonstrated that NO_(x)emission decreased by 69.86%after adopting FISR method.The effects of initial concentrations of NO and O_(2)in kiln gas,feeding location of the first-stage tertiary(tertiary air-I)and cement raw meal(CRM)were further investigated.With increasing initial NO concentration,NO_(x)emission increased linearly,while the reduction rate of NO in kiln gas maintained above 80%.When O_(2)content in kiln gas is more than 4%,oxygen would more significantly promote the formation of NO_(x)and inhibit the reduction of NO.The dimensionless locations of tertiary air-I and CRM were introduced.The simulation results showed that the optimal dimensionless locations are 0.6 and 1.6 for tertiary air-I and CRM,respectively.The outputs achieved in this study will provide a strong support for the practical application of FISR method in cement industry.

关键词： cement industry precalciner pretreated fuel NO_(x)emission denitrification

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Experimental analysis on calcination and carbonation process in calcium looping for CO_(2) capture: study case of cement plants in Indonesia

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Clean Energy 2023年第2期7卷 313-327页

作者： Triya Setia Febriatna Prihadi Setyo Darmanto Firman Bagja Juangsa Master Program of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringInstitut Teknologi BandungBandungIndonesia Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Institut Teknologi BandungBandungIndonesia Research Center for New and Renewable Energy Institut Teknologi BandungBandungIndonesia

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the main contributor to greenhouse gases that affect global warming.The industrial sector is the third largest producer of CO_(2) and the cement industry is one of the industries that consistently produces the most significant CO_(2) emissions.The cement industry produces 5-8% of global CO_(2) emissions.Several methods for reducing specific CO_(2) emissions have been reported in the cement industry,including calcium looping,which uses the reversible reaction between calcination[calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))decomposition]and carbonation[CO_(2) capture by calcium oxide(CaO)].This work investigates calcium looping employing limestone obtained directly from several cement factories in Indonesia to observe the carbon-absorption characteristics of limestone from different mining locations.The experiment was carried out using a tube furnace equipped with a controlled atmospheric condition that functions as a calciner and a carbonator.X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spec-troscopy characterization were conducted to analyse the changes in the experimental samples.The results demonstrated that the reactor configuration was capable of performing the calcination process,which converted CaCO_(3) to calcium hydroxide[Ca(OH)_(2)],as well as the carbonation process,which captured carbon and converted it back to CaCO_(3).Parametric analysis was performed on both reactions,including pressure,temperature,duration,particle size and reaction atmosphere.The results show that the limestone obtained from all sites can be used as the sorbents for the calcium-looping process with an average reactivity of 59.01%.Limestone from cement plants in various parts of Indonesia has the potential to be used as carbon sorbents in calcium-looping technology.With a similar CO_(2) concentration as the flue gas of 16.67%,the experimental results show that Bayah limestone has the maximum reactivity,as shown by the highest carbon-content addition of 12.15 wt% and has the highest CO_(2)-

关键词： CO_(2)emissions cement industry carbon capture calcium looping calcination carbonation

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Recovery of waste heat in cement plants for the capture of CO2

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2012年第1期6卷 104-111页

作者： Ruifeng DONG Zaoxiao ZHANG Hongfang LU Yunsong YU State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China

Large amounts of energy are consumed during the manufacturing of cement especially during the calcination process which also emits large amounts of CO2. A large part of the energy used in the making of cement is released as waste heat. A process to capture CO2 by integrating the recovery and utilization of waste heat has been designed. Aspen Plus software was used to calculate the amount of waste heat and the efficiency of energy utilization. The data used in this study was based on a dry process cement plant with a 5-stage preheater and a precalciner with a cement output of 1 Mt/y. According to the calculations： 1） the generating capacity of the waste heat recovery system is 4.9MW. 2） The overall CO2 removal rate was as high as 78.5%. 3） The efficiency of energy utilization increased after the cement producing process was retrofitted with this integrated design.

关键词： cement industry waste heat recovery utiliza-tion CO2 removal

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Experimental Investigation of Cutting Nitrogen Oxides Emission from cement Kilns using Coal Preheating Method

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Journal of Thermal Science 2021年第4期30卷 1097-1107页

作者： WU Huixing CAI Jun REN Qiangqiang CAO Xiaoyang LYU Qinggang Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian 116023China

The large consumption of coal in cement industry leads to a significant nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))emission,which has caused severe atmospheric pollution due to the existing low-efficiency denitration technologies.In this research,a fuel pretreatment method on the concept of coal preheating was proposed to reduce NO_(x)emission from cement kilns.A special bench-scale experiment was designed to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.Experimental results showed that the proposed method could achieve high combustion efficiency,steady operation and low NO_(x)emission.The maximum reduction efficiency of primary NO in kiln gas reached 91.4%while the lowest NO_(x)emission was 145 mg/m^(3)(@10%O_2)during the experiment.The effects of key parameters on NO_(x)emission and primary NO_(x)reduction efficiency were comprehensively investigated.It was found that primary and secondary air ratios determined the oxygen content in the flue gas and the reaction temperature,which multiply affected the fuel-NO_(x)formation and activity of reductants.Increasing the length of the reducing zone could not only enhance the primary NO_(x)reduction efficiency,but also lower the combustion efficiency.In addition,cement raw material could greatly accelerate the formation of fuel-NO_(x)while its catalytic action on NO_(x)reduction was limited.

关键词： coal preheating NO_(x)reduction atmospheric pollution cement industry

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重点工业行业碳排放现状与减排定位分析

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生态环境与保护 2021年第11期

作者：李明煜张诗卉王灿蔡博峰

基于企业样本数据和省级数据库，本文对中国电力、钢铁及水泥行业进行碳排放量核算、排放集中度分析、达峰情况分类及脱钩状态判断，并通过聚类分析方法判断各省份在减排行动中的定位。结果表明，全国钢铁及水泥行业碳排放量在2014年后... 详细信息

基于企业样本数据和省级数据库，本文对中国电力、钢铁及水泥行业进行碳排放量核算、排放集中度分析、达峰情况分类及脱钩状态判断，并通过聚类分析方法判断各省份在减排行动中的定位。结果表明，全国钢铁及水泥行业碳排放量在2014年后增长明显放缓，电力行业碳排放量持续上升；在省级层面，电力、钢铁及水泥行业分别有15个、7个及12个省份碳排放量仍在快速增长；在空间分布上，电力行业碳排放呈现“东高西低”，钢铁行业碳排放集中在河北周边，水泥行业碳排放呈现“南高北低中部突出”；时间趋势上，各省份电力行业和水泥行业逐渐实现碳排放量与产品产量之间的脱钩，在产量增长的情况下碳排放量增长减缓甚至降低，各省份钢铁行业碳排放量与产量之间的脱钩状态则较为多样化。

关键词：碳排放达峰减排行动定位钢铁行业水泥行业电力行业 carbon emission peak emission reduction action positioning steel industry cement industry power industry

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