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catatonia:A deep dive into its unfathomable depths

World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第2期14卷 210-214页

作者： Peter Phiri Gayathri Delanerolle Oliver Hope Tharangini Murugaiyan Geoffrey Dimba Shanaya Rathod Zukiswa Zingela Research&Innovation Department Southern Health NHS Foundation TrustSouthampton SO303JBUnited Kingdom School of Psychology Faculty of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton SO171BJHampshireUnited Kingdom Acute Inpatients Services Southern Health NHS Foundation TrustBasingstoke RG249RHUnited Kingdom Home Treatment Team South WestSurrey and Borders Partnerships NHS Foundation TrustGuildford GU27XLSurreyUnited Kingdom Faculty of Health Sciences Nelson Mandela UniversitySummerstrand 6001GqeberhaSouth Africa

This editorial addresses catatonia,a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by a spectrum of psychomotor *** editorial seeks to clarify the ambiguous aspects of catatonia,integrating recent research findings,including global studies and diagnostic *** discusses catatonia’s clinical manifestations,prevalence,and associated psychiatric and medical conditions,with particular emphasis on its frequent co-occurrence with schizophrenia and mood *** prevalence of catatonia,which varies across psychiatric populations,is illustrated by a significant study conducted in Nelson Mandela Bay,South *** study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the Bush-Francis Screening Instrument compared to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 criteria in diagnosing *** editorial evaluates treatment approaches,primarily focusing on benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy,and discusses emerging therapeutic *** underscores the importance of robust diagnostic frameworks and early intervention in managing catatonia,as recommended by the latest evidence-based consensus ***,it suggests future research directions,particularly in exploring the neurobiological and genetic factors of catatonia,to enhance our understanding and improve treatment *** editorial succinctly aims to demystify catatonia and provide valuable insights for clinicians and researchers in mental health care.

关键词： catatonia Schizophrenia Neuropsychiatry Benzodiazepines Electroconvulsive therapy Bush-Francis screening instrument Diagnosis

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First 150 years of catatonia:Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第5期14卷 600-606页

作者： Levente Csihi Gabor S Ungvari Stanley N Caroff Gábor Gazdag Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Jahn Ferenc South Pest HospitalBudapest 1204Hungary Division of Psychiatry School of MedicineUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley 6009Western AustraliaAustralia Section of Psychiatry University of Notre DameFremantle 6160Western AustraliaAustralia Behavioral Health Service Corporal Michael J CresenczVeterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Psychiatry University of PennsylvaniaPerelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Faculty of MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapest 1083Hungary

Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum(1828-1899)was the first to conceptualize and describe the main clinical features of a novel psychiatric illness,which he termed catatonia in his groundbreaking monograph published 150 years *** Kahlbaum postulated catatonia as a separate disease entity characterized by psychomotor symptoms and a cyclical course,a close examination of his 26 cases reveals that most of them presented with motor symptom complexes or syndromes associated with various psychiatric and medical *** his classification system,Kraepelin categorized catatonic motor symptoms that occur in combination with psychotic symptoms and typically have a poor prognosis within his dementia praecox(schizophrenia)disease *** of the substantial influence of Kraepelin’s classification,catatonia was predominantly perceived as a component of schizophrenia for most of the 20th ***,with the advent of the psychopharmacotherapy era starting from the early 1950s,interest in catatonia in both clinical practice and research subsided until the early *** past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in *** Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition,marked a paradigmatic shift by acknowledging that catatonia can occur secondary to various psychiatric and medical *** introduction of an independent diagnostic category termed“catatonia Not Otherwise Specified”significantly stimulated research in this *** authors briefly review the history and findings of recent catatonia research and highlight promising directions for future exploration.

关键词： catatonia Historical overview Psychopharmacology Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school

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catatonia in older adults:A systematic review

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2022年第2期12卷 348-367页

作者： Walter Jaimes-Albornoz Angel Ruiz de Pellon-Santamaria Ayar Nizama-Vía Marco Isetta Ines Albajar Jordi Serra-Mestres Psychiatry Service Hospital Universitario DonostiaBasque Health Service-OsakidetzaSan Sebastian 20014GipuzkoaSpain Psychiatry Service“Virgen del Cisne”Mental Health Community Center Regional Health DirectorateTumbes 24002Peru Library and Knowledge Services Central&North West London NHS Foundation TrustSt Charles’HospitalLondon W106DZUnited Kingdom Neurology Service Hospital Universitario DonostiaBasque Health Service-OsakidetzaSan Sebastian 20014GipuzkoaSpain Old Age Psychiatry Service Cardinal ClinicWindsor SL45ULUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND catatonia is a complex psychomotor syndrome that often goes unrecognized and untreated,even though its classification has evolved in recent *** and correct identification of catatonia allows for highly effective treatment and prevention of possible *** underrecognition of catatonia in older patients is also frequent,and research in this population is *** To conduct a systematic review of the literature on catatonia in older people to ascertain its clinical characteristics across *** Following the PRISMA guidelines,MEDLINE,EMBASE,and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to December 2021,with a strategy aimed at identifying all articles published on catatonia in older *** and abstracts were scanned and selected independently by two *** investigating issues related to catatonia and/or catatonic symptoms in older people,with English abstracts available,were *** of selected articles were revised to identify other relevant *** In total,1355 articles were *** removing duplicates,879 *** the 879 identified abstracts,669 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria.A total of 210 articles underwent full text review,and 51 were eliminated for various *** more articles were selected from the ***,173 articles were reviewed:108 case reports,35 case series,11 prospective cohort studies,6 case-control studies,3 retrospective cohort studies and 10 *** found several particular aspects of catatonia in this *** in older patients is highly prevalent and tends to have a multifactorial *** patients,compared to younger patients,have a higher risk of developing catatonia with benzodiazepine(BZD)withdrawal,in bipolar disorder,and in the general ***,together with other risk factors,was significantly associated with the incidence of deep venous thrombosis,neuroleptic malig

关键词： catatonia Older adults Etiology Phenomenology Prevalence Treatment

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Affected cortico-striatal-cerebellar network inschizophrenia with catatonia revealed by magneticresonance imaging:indications for electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Psychoradiology 2023年第1期3卷 28-32页

作者： Xiao-Fan Liu Shu-Wan Zhao Zachary Kratochvil Jia-Cheng Jiang Di Cui Lu Wang Jing-Wen Fan Yue-Wen Gu Hong Yin Jin-Jin Cui Xiao Chang Long-Biao Cui Department of Radiology Xi’an Gaoxin HospitalXi’an 710075China Sc hizophr enia Ima ging Lab Fourth Military Medical Univ ersityXi’an 710032China Composable Analytics CambridgeMA 02140USA Department of Radiology The Second Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853China Department of Radiology Xi’an People’s HospitalXi’an 710004China Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032China Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710061China

catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that can occur in a broad spectrum of brain disorders,including *** findings suggest that the neurobiological process underlying catatonia symptoms in schizophrenia is poorly ***,emerging neuroimaging studies in catatonia patients have indicated that a disruption in anatomical connectivity of the cortico-striatal-cerebellar system is part of the neurobiology of catatonia,which could serve as a target of neurostimulation such as electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

关键词： catatonia schizophrenia magnetic resonance imaging neurostimulation

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catatonia: Cavum Septum Pellucidum and Vergae, a Cause or a Coincidence?

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2023年第4期13卷 221-228页

作者： Mustapha Gudaji Zaharaddeen Garba Habib Haruna Yakubu Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Clinical Sciences College of Health Sciences Bayero University Kano/Aminu Kano Teaching Kano Nigeria

Background: Many studies in the 20th century have reported an association between Schizophrenia and catatonia. Structural brain abnormalities have also been found in many psychotic illnesses, including schizophrenia and there are findings of association of large ventricles with chronic and deteriorating psychosis. It is possible that a large ventricular system may increase the likelihood of catatonia with a chronic course. Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) and Cavum Vergae (CV) are structural abnormalities that have been associated with Schizophrenia. This is a case report of the presence of persistent CSP and CV in a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia with catatonia. Conclusion: Although there are several reports of the findings of a persistent large CSP and CV in patients with Schizophrenia, it is questionable whether the CSP and CV are the cause of the catatonia or their occurrence is a mere coincidence.

关键词： Schizophrenia Cavum Septum Pellucidum Cavum Vergae catatonia

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catatonia as a putative nosological entity:A historical sketch

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2017年第3期7卷 177-183页

作者： Gábor Gazdag Rozalia Takács Gabor S Ungvari Szent István and Szent László Hospitals Budapest Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Semmelweis University Medical School School of Doctoral Studies Semmelweis Uni-versity Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Tóth Ilona Medical Service University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian Centre

Kahlbaum was the first to propose catatonia as a separate disease following the example of general paresis of the insane,which served as a model for establishing a nosological ***,Kahlbaum was uncertain about the nosological position of catatonia and considered it a syndrome,or "a temporary stage or a part of a complex picture of various disease forms".Until recently,the issue of catatonia as a separate diagnostic category was not entertained,mainly due to a misinterpretation of Kraepelin's influential views on catatonia as a subtype of *** concluded that patients presenting with persistent catatonic symptoms,which he called "genuine catatonic morbid symptoms",particularly including negativism,bizarre mannerisms,and stereotypes,had a poor prognosis similar to those of paranoid and hebephrenic ***,catatonia was classified as a subtype of dementia praecox/*** Kraepelin's influence on psychiatric nosology throughout the 20 th century,there have only been isolated attempts to describe and classify catatonia outside of the Kraepelinian *** example,the Wernicke-KleistLeonhard school attempted to comprehensively elucidate the complexities of psychomotor disturbances associated with major ***,the Leonhardian categories have never been subjected to the scrutiny of modern *** first three editions of the DSM included the narrow and simplified version of Kraepelin's catatonia *** developments in catatonia research are reflected in DSM-5,which includes three diagnostic categories: Catatonic Disorder due to Another Medical Condition,catatonia Associated with another Mental Disorder(catatonia Specifier),and Unspecified ***,the traditional category of catatonic schizophrenia has been *** Unspecified catatonia category could encourage research exploring catatonia as an independent diagnostic entity.

关键词： catatonia Psychomotor disturbances DSM-5 Nosology History

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catatonia:Our current understanding of its diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2016年第4期6卷 391-398页

作者： Sean A Rasmussen Michael F Mazurek Patricia I Rosebush MINDS Program McMaster University Department of Medicine (Neurology) McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University

catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that has been reported to occur in more than 10% of patients with acute psychiatric illnesses. Two subtypes of the syndrome have been identified. catatonia of the retarded type is characterized by immobility, mutism, staring, rigidity, and a host of other clinical signs. Excited catatonia is a less common presentation in which patients develop prolonged periods of psychomotor agitation. Once thought to be a subtype of schizophrenia, catatonia is now recognized to occur with a broad spectrum of medical and psychiatric illnesses, particularly affective disorders. In many cases, the catatonia must be treated before any underlying conditions can be accurately diagnosed. Most patients with the syndrome respond rapidly to low-dose benzodiazepines, but electroconvulsive therapy is occasionally required. Patients with longstanding catatonia or a diagnosis of schizophrenia may be less likely to respond. The pathobiology of catatonia is poorly understood, although abnormalities in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate signaling have been suggested as causative factors. Because catatonia is common, highly treatable, and associated with significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated, physicians should maintain a high level of suspicion for this complex clinical syndrome. Since 1989, we have systematically assessed patients presenting to our psychiatry service with signs of retarded catatonia. In this paper, we present a review of the current literature on catatonia along with findings from the 220 cases we have assessed and treated.

关键词： catatonia Schizophrenia Benzodiazepines Electroconvulsive therapy Extrapyramidal disorders

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Bipolar affective disorder and catatonia

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Chinese Medical Journal 2014年第19期127卷 3388-3388页

作者： Ather Muneer Islamic International Medical College Riphah International University 274 Peshawar Road Rawalpindi Pakistan

To the editor： Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric condition with the prevalence rate estimated at around 4% in the general populationJ According to DSM-5, it is a spectrum disorder comprising of bipolar disorder type I （at least 1 manic or mixed episode in addition to major depressive episodes）, bipolar disorder type II （presence of hypomanic episodes in addition to major depressive episodes）, cyclothymic disorder （hypomanic and depressive episodes which do not fulfill the criteria for major depressive episodes） and bipolar disorder not elsewhere defined （NED）. Patients who suffer from 4 or more episodes in a 12 months period are specified as having rapid cycling.

关键词： disorder catatonia episodes

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What Are the Current and Developing Treatments for Cotard’s Syndrome, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, and Catatonic Schizophrenia?

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第3期14卷 179-205页

作者： Anuva Ghosh New York University New York NY USA

Purpose: Cotard’s syndrome, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, and catatonia are all rare psychiatric disorders that have relatively little research regarding their treatments. The aim of this article is to highlight any gaps in knowledge regarding represented demographics in these treatment studies, and to discuss the current and upcoming treatment options. Background: This literature review explores under-researched psychiatric conditions: Cotard’s syndrome, Alice in Wonderland syndrome, and Catatonic Schizophrenia. Understanding psychiatric disorders requires basic knowledge of brain anatomy. These conditions are often result of or associated with neurological issues, such as migraines or tumors. The brain has eight lobes, two of four kinds: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, which all govern different functions and abilities. Frontal lobes control judgment, decision-making, personality traits, and fine motor movements. Parietal lobes interpret pain and temperature, occipital lobes handle visual stimuli, and temporal lobes enable hearing. The pre-frontal cortex is associated with high intelligence, psychotic traits, and psychosis. The Broca’s Area in the frontal lobes controls expressive language. These areas and divisions of the brain contribute to the complexity of the psychiatric disorders discussed in this review. Introduction: Cotard’s syndrome is a psychiatric disorder characterized by delusions of being dead or not having certain limbs or organs. It is believed that there is a disconnect between their fusiform face area and the amygdala, causing a lack of familiarity between one’s mind and body. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) is another psychiatric disorder which is characterized by visual hallucinations, such as distorted perceptions of color, size, distance, and speed. The most common symptoms include micropsia and macropsia. catatonia/Catatonic Schizophrenia is an uncommon type of schizophrenia. This type of schizophrenia is characterized

关键词： Component Formatting Style Styling Alice in Wonderland Syndrome Cotard’s Syndrome Cotard’s Delusion AIWS catatonia Catatonic Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Psychiatric medication Rare Disorders Psychiatry

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Synthesis and Study of Anti Parkinsonism activity of 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane Analogs

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2011年第2期2卷 94-99页

作者： Saurav M. Verma Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Birla Institute of Technology Mesra. Ranchi India

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra. 3D QSAR study of 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane analogs which serves as the pathfinder for the design of novel molecule for anti Parkinsonism. Five compounds of 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane analogs are synthesized and the anti Parkinsonism activity and brain dopamine level were studied on albino mice. The anti Parkinsonian activity was determined by the effect of test compound A-F on drug induced catatonia using the method of Morpurgo. Atropine as well as compounds B and E significantly reduced the catatonic responses and tremors induced by chlorpromazine. The level of dopamine was measured after the administration of atropine and the test compounds in brain of mice. The study reveals that the compounds B and E have exhibited significant activity over atropine.

关键词： 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane Parkinsonism Dopamine catatonia

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