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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第4期15卷 401-414页

作者： Edward Missanjo Henry Kadzuwa Department of Environmental Sciences University of Namibia Ogongo Campus Ogongo Namibia Department of Physical Planning and Land Surveying Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences Blantyre Malawi

Activity data and emission factors are critical for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and devising effective climate change mitigation strategies. This study developed the activity data and emission factor in the Forestry and Other Land Use Change (FOLU) subsector in Malawi. The results indicate that “forestland to cropland,” and “wetland to cropland,” were the major land use changes from the year 2000 to the year 2022. The forestland steadily declined at a rate of 13,591 ha (0.5%) per annum. Similarly, grassland declined at the rate of 1651 ha (0.5%) per annum. On the other hand, cropland, wetland, and settlements steadily increased at the rate of 8228 ha (0.14%);5257 ha (0.17%);and 1941 ha (8.1%) per annum, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that the “grassland to forestland” changes were higher than the “forestland to grassland” changes, suggesting that forest regrowth was occurring. On the emission factor, the results interestingly indicate that there was a significant increase in carbon sequestration in the FOLU subsector from the year 2011 to 2022. carbon sequestration increased annually by 13.66 ± 0.17 tCO2 e/ha/yr (4.6%), with an uncertainty of 2.44%. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is potential for a carbon market in Malawi.

关键词： Activity Data Emission Factor Climate Change Forestland carbon market

Extreme Risk Measurement of carbon market Considering Multifractal Characteristics

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2023年第6期36卷 2497-2514页

作者： ZHU Dandan ZHANG Chen PAN Di School of Management Hefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China School of Economics and Management Shanghai University of Political Science and LawShanghai201701China Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-Making Hefei University of TechnologyHefei230009China

Influenced by the global economy,politics,energy and other factors,the price of carbon market fluctuates sharply.It is of great practical significance to explore a suitable measurement method of extreme risk of carbon market.Considering that the return series of carbon market has the characteristics of leptokurtosis,fat tail,skewness and multifractal,and there maybe many extreme risk values in the carbon market,this paper introduces the Skewed-t distribution which can describe the characteristics of leptokurtosis,fat tail and skewness of return series into MSM model which can describe multifractal characteristic of return series to model volatility of carbon market.On the basis,based on the extreme value theory,this paper constructs Skewed-t-MSM-EVT model to measure extreme risk of carbon market.This paper chooses EUA market as the object to study extreme risk of carbon market,and draws the following conclusions:Skewed-t-MSM-EVT model has significantly higher prediction accuracy for carbon market's Va R than MSM-EVT models under other distributions(including normal distribution,t distribution,GED distribution);Skewed-t-MSM-EVT model is superior to traditional Skewed-t-FIGARCH-EVT and Skewed-t-GARCH-EVT models in predicting carbon market's Va R.This research has important practical significance for accurately grasping the risk of carbon market and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction.

关键词： carbon market extreme value theory multifractal Skewed-t distribution VaR

Auction mechanism design of the Chinese national carbon market for carbon neutralization

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2022年第2期20卷 115-124页

作者： Wenjun Wang Xujie Zhao Qiaqia Zhang Chonghui Fu Pengcheng Xie Shenzhen Yuntian Statistical Science Research Institute Shenzhen518061China Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510640China Macao University of science and technology Macao999078China School of Humanities and management Guangdong Medical UniversityDongguan523808China

The carbon market auction mechanism is an important policy tool for carbon pricing and a key mechanism that supports carbon emission neutralization,especially for China.A few systematic studies exist on China’s carbon market auction mechanism.This article focuses on the five auction mechanisms in Chinese pilot emission trading schemes(ETS),reviews the structures and bidding situation of the five-pilot auction mechanism,extracts the similarities,and analyzes their different features,such as auction mode,bidding scale,participants,pricing mode,auction frequency,and so on.This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the carbon allowance auction mechanism in the Guangdong pilot ETS of China,including its development and the evolution of the key elements,its operational effects,and related disputes.Finally,this study puts forward the trend forecast and suggestions for the Chinese allowance auction mechanism,such as the time window of launching national allowance auctions,the most likely auction mode,carbon pricing,and bidding revenue management.carbon pricing by auction is the most powerful policy tool for addressing carbon emissions reduction and implementing the Glasgow Climate Pact.

关键词： carbon market Quota auction carbon emission peak carbon neutralization

A Study on the Current Situation, Problems and Responsive Measures of Building China's National carbon market

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Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 2022年第3期10卷 7-16页

作者： XIA Yingzhe FENG Chao YUAN Xiaohua China Clean Development Mechanism Fund Management Center

carbon emissions trading is a major innovation in the practice of using market mechanism to control and reduce greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and promote green and low-carbon development. It is an important way to achieve China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals(the“dual carbon” goals) at a relatively low cost. Starting late and having gone through three development stages, China's national carbon market has entered a new stage. However, given the problems such as incomplete institutional, regulatory and carbon emissions verification systems,less balanced and vibrant market, limited transaction entities and trading products, and lack of voice due to insufficient participation in relevant international affairs, continuous efforts are still required to further improve this market by deepening reform, strengthening capacity building and increasing international cooperation.

关键词： Climate change carbon neutrality carbon market MRV

International Experience, China's Development and Prospect of carbon market Construction

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2022年第2期17卷 345-367页

作者： WANG Huiqing Research Institute of Bank of China Beijing 100818China

carbon market,which is capable of scientific quantifying and marked-based pricing of carbon emission,is an important way for countries to achieve the target of carbon emission reduction.The global carbon market,after more than ten years of development,has developed a mature mechanism.China started the trial of carbon market in 2011.After ten years of exploration,the national carbon trading market was officially launched in mid-July 2021.Against the backdrop of carbon neutrality,the national carbon market will shoulder a greater mission of carbon emission reduction and speed up its financialization and internationalization.However,it should take a dialectical attitude toward the opportunities and risks of carbon market financialization.In the future,China can promote the development of carbon market through efforts to develop market participants,clarify the attributes of carbon finance,prevent potential risks of carbon finance,improve the connection mechanism with the international carbon market,and innovate carbon finance services.

关键词： carbon market international experience carbon trading risk of carbon finance

Optimal Bidding Strategy for PV and BESSs in Joint Energy and Frequency Regulation markets Considering carbon Reduction Benefits

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第2期12卷 427-439页

作者： Jing Bian Yuheng Song Chen Ding Jianing Cheng Shiqiang Li Guoqing Li Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control&Renewable Energy Technology Ministry of Education Northeast Electric Power UniversityJilin 132000China Datang Northeast Electric Power Test&Research Institute Co. Ltd.Changchun 130102China

Photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are key components in the energy market and crucial contributors to carbon emission reduction targets.These systems can not only provide energy but can also generate considerable revenue by providing frequency regulation services and participating in carbon trading.This study proposes a bidding strategy for PV and BESSs operating in joint energy and frequency regulation markets,with a specific focus on carbon reduction benefits.A two-stage bidding framework that optimizes the profit of PV and BESSs is presented.In the first stage,the day-ahead energy market takes into account potential real-time forecast deviations.In the second stage,the real-time balancing market uses a rolling optimization method to account for multiple uncertainties.Notably,a real-time frequency regulation control method is proposed for the participation of PV and BESSs in automatic generation control(AGC).This is particularly relevant given the uncertainty of grid frequency fluctuations in the optimization model of the real-time balancing market.This control method dynamically assigns the frequency regulation amount undertaken by the PV and BESSs according to the control interval in which the area control error(ACE)occurs.The case study results demonstrate that the proposed bidding strategy not only enables the PV and BESSs to effectively participate in the grid frequency regulation response but also yields considerable carbon emission reduction benefits and effectively improves the system operation economy.

关键词： Photovoltaic(PV) battery energy storage system(BESS) energy market carbon market frequency regulation service bidding strategy

Low-carbon development policies and achievements in the context of the livestock sector in China

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2024年第3期11卷 367-380页

作者： Sha WEI Junming FAN Yanfeng TIAN Hongmin DONG Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences Inner Mongolia You Ran Dairy Co. Ltd.

Rapid growth and a vast transition of Chinese livestock industry driven by economic incentives make it become an important contributor on climate change over the last four decades. This study first analyzes the evolving lowcarbon livestock development policies and regulations, then an assessment and explanations of the achievements and non-achievements are provided.The findings reveal that China began to pay attention to low-carbon development policy starting in the early 1990s. However, only after the cyclic and green concept became the main sustainable development policy, China began to move seriously toward low-carbon livestock development. Several policy instruments were introduced, including moderate scale, feed optimization, manure resource utilization, facility and equipment allocation rate, energy conservation and substitution. Overall, achievements were made in introducing such policies. However, due to the large share of standard agriculture and regional resources, and environmental diversity, such policies may have little effect in practice. The divergence between the policies and actual practices are explained, and important policies applicable to all developing countries are also recommended.

关键词： Low carbon livestock development policy recommendations divergence carbon market

China and the World under the Goals of carbon Peaking and carbon Neutrality:Green and Low-carbon Transition,Green Finance,carbon market,and carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2022年第2期17卷 189-211页

作者： ZHANG Zhongxiang Ma Yinchu School of Economics Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

China has always tried to maintain multilateralism and advocated working together to deal with global climate change through multilateral mechanisms.Although China's announcement to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 comes as no surprise,its commitment to carbon neutrality does.As the period between its carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is far shorter than that in the developed countries,China's economic and energy structures need to be adjusted toward the low-carbon and carbon-free end with unprecedented efforts.To that end,China should define the responsibilities of local authorities and industrial entities to promote the orderly accomplishment of carbon peaking in all regions and industries.To supply the huge investments needed to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,China has an urgent need to accelerate the development of green finance and a national carbon emissions trading market,guide the rational allocation of resources,and channel resources to eco-friendly projects for green and low-carbon development.At the same time,China and the international community should strengthen dialogue and coordination,promote international cooperation on the way to carbon neutrality,formulate widely acceptable policy guidelines as soon as possible,and avoid unilateral measures that may cause conflicts.

关键词： carbon peaking carbon neutrality carbon market green and lowcarbon transition carbon border adjustment mechanism

Allowance of the Emission Quota Using Life Cycle Assessment for the Creation of a National carbon market: Framework Developed for Hydroelectric Projects in Cameroon

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American Journal of Climate Change 2023年第4期12卷 505-526页

作者： Willy Noah Melingui Ahmat Tom Oumarou Hamandjoda Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering National Advanced School of Engineering Yaoundé Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Energetic University Institute of Technology Ngaoundéré Cameroon

The lack of synergy between infrastructure financing mechanisms and mechanisms for combating climate change does not favor the definition of sustainable infrastructure in Cameroon. The definition of a sustainable infrastructure could meet the requirements of these mechanisms, thanks to the control of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions during its installation, in relation to a predefined value. However, the promotion of efforts to reduce emissions from new infrastructures is not subject to a local market. This situation is a limit in the implementation of the policies defined in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This article proposes a framework for promoting reduction efforts for a national carbon market, in favor of hydroelectric infrastructures. Thanks to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) environmental assessment tool, we are going to determine the carbon quota for a specific power. The study carried out on the hydroelectric power station of Mekin (HydroMekin) leads us to a reduction effort of 68.2% compared to the threshold defined at 14.057 gCO2eq/kWhe. The framework, developed, contributes to defining the environmental parameters in the decarbonation strategy during the implementation of new hydroelectric infrastructures and the market carbon design elements special to the construction phase of these infrastructures.

关键词： carbon market Sustainable Infrastructure Reference Value Emission Hydroelectricity

Risk identification and regulatory system design for the carbon market

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2016年第2期16卷 59-67页

作者： Tao Wang Wentao Wang Research Institute of Finance and Economics Central University of Finance and Economics The Administrative Centre for China's Agenda 21

Currently,the global carbon trading systems are fragmented and belong to different governments or are under the jurisdiction of different regions,resulting in a series of new problems,such as how to link dispersed trading systems,how to compare the emission reduction of various markets and other issues.Since the development of the international carbon market is relatively immature with uncertain life expectancy and volatility during its short history,and there is a lack of quantitative data on the long-term record,the market could provide few risk management tools.Meanwhile,with the launches of China's regional carbon trading pilots in seven provinces since 2013 and combined with the national voluntary emission trading system,carbon trading will become an important mechanism for China in achieving its emission reduction target.In the first stage,the carbon finance market is at least faced with mechanism design risks,market supply risks and compliance risks.Therefore,to secure the development of the carbon market and for public interest,relevant government departments of China should identify the risks facing the market and should make the basic principles and goals,such as ensuring effective trading and pricing mechanisms to avoid fraud and price manipulation,and balancing transparency and confidentiality of information.Consequently,the governments should develop a comprehensive carbon finance regulatory system covering regulatory legislation,regulatory institutions and their authorities,regulatory scope as well as regulatory objects.

关键词： carbon market risks identification regulatory system