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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related anosmia:A preliminary comparative study

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 105-112页

作者： Shadman Nemati Mohammad Haghani Dogahe Alia Saberi Naghi Ramezani Pejman Kiani Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi Ehsan Kazemnejad Leili Sara Seddighi Abbas Monsef Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery School of MedicineOtorhinolaryngology Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran Guilan Road Trauma Research Center Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtGuilanIran Department of Neurology Neuroscience Research CenterPoursina HospitalGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran Department of Radiology Pars International HospitalGuilan ProvinceIran Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehranIran Department of Infectious Diseases Razi Clinical Research Development UnitRazi HospitalGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran Center of Magnetic Resonance Research Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA

Objectives:2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)infection is commonly associated with olfactory dysfunctions,but the basic pathogenesis of these complications remains *** study seeks to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)in determining the molecular neurometabolite alterations within the main brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related ***:In a cross-sectional study,seven patients with persistent COVID-19-related anosmia(mean age:29.57 years)and seven healthy volunteers(mean age:27.28 years)underwent MRS in which N-acetyl-aspartate(NAA),choline(Cho),creatine(Cr),and their ratios were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex,dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,orbitofrontal cortex(OFC),insular cortex,and ventromedial prefrontal *** were analyzed using TARQUIN software(version 4.3.10),and the results were compared with an independent sample t-test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test based on the normality of the MRS data ***:The mean duration of anosmia before imaging was 8.5 months in COVID-19-related anosmia *** analysis elucidated a significant association between MRS findings within OFC and COVID-19-related anosmia(P_(disease)anosmia and indicates a possible association between central nervous system impairment and persistent COVID-19-related anosmia.

关键词： anosmia COVID-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy neuroimaging olfaction

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A Case Series of Olfactory Dysfunction in Imported COVID-19 Patients:A 12-Month Follow-Up Study

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2022年第5期35卷 402-411页

作者： WANG Ni YANG Ming Bo YANG Pu Ye CHEN Ren Bo HUANG Fei SHI Nan Nan MA Yan ZHANG Yan XU You LIU Si Hong LU Heng Yi FU Qing Qing FAN Yi Pin KAN Hong Min WANG Xiao Hong GUO Ya Ling National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China Hepatology Department of TCM Xi’an NO.8 HospitalXi’an 710061ShaanxiChina Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Xi’an NO.8 HospitalXi’an 710061ShaanxiChina Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100700China Department of Infection Xi’an NO.8 HospitalXi’an 710061ShaanxiChina Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100700China

Objective The scientific community knows little about the long-term influence of coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19) on olfactory dysfunction(OD). With the COVID-19 pandemic ongoing worldwide, the risk of imported cases remains high. In China, it is necessary to understand OD in imported *** A prospective follow-up design was adopted. A total of 11 self-reported patients with COVID-19 and OD from Xi’an No. 8 Hospital were followed between August 19, 2021, and December 12, ***, clinical characteristics, laboratory and radiological findings, and treatment outcomes were analyzed at admission. We surveyed the patients via telephone for recurrence and sequelae at the1-, 6-, and 12-month *** Eleven patients with OD were enrolled;of these, 54.5%(6/11) had hyposmia and 45.5%(5/11)had anosmia. 63.6%(7/11) reported OD before or on the day of admission as their initial symptom;of these, 42.9%(3/7) described OD as the only symptom. All patients in the study received combined treatment with traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and 72.7%(8/11) had partially or fully recovered at discharge. In terms of OD recovery at the 12-month follow-up, 45.5%(5/11) reported at least one sequela, 81.8%(9/11) had recovered completely, 18.2%(2/11) had recovered partially, and there were no recurrent *** Our data revealed that OD frequently presented as the initial or even the only symptom among imported cases. Most OD improvements occurred in the first 2 weeks after onset, and patients with COVID-19 and OD had favorable treatment outcomes during long-term follow-up. A better understanding of the pathogenesis and appropriate treatment of OD is needed to guide clinicians in the care of these patients.

关键词： COVID-19 Olfactory Imported cases Hyposmia anosmia Follow-up

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Mechanism of olfactory deficit in neurotrauma and its related affective distress: A narrative review

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2021年第12期11卷 1259-1266页

作者： Mark Logan Siddharth Kapoor Luke Peterson Martin Oliveira Dong Y Han Department of Neurology UK HealthCareLexingtonKY 40536United States Department of Neurology University of KentuckyLexingtonKY 40536United States Department of Psychology University of ConnecticutStorrsCT 06269United States Department of Neuropsychology Neuro Health of ConnecticutWest HartfordCT 06107United States

Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is among the leading causes of death and disability all over the *** is also commonly associated with clinical sequelae of posttraumatic depression,and reports of other subsequent affective distress are ***,posttraumatic changes in chemoreceptive sensory functions,primarily due to coup-contrecoup injury induced shearing of the olfactory nerve fibers,leading to anosmia and ageusia are also well documented in the ***,the current literature is limited in addressing the intersections between said *** aim of this study was to provide a focused narrative review of the literature,to address these intersections found in clinical sequelae of *** chemoreceptive sensory deficits are also linked to significant affective distress of their own,this review addresses the bidirectionality between sensory deficit and affective ***,demographics,mechanisms,and clinical implications are *** research is presented and discussed,in an effort to highlight the importance of consideration for all factors in TBI patient care and future research.

关键词： Brain injuries Brain injuries,traumatic anosmia Depression Affective symptoms Smell

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Psychiatric outcomes in outpatients affected by long COVID:A link between mental health and persistence of olfactory complaint

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第4期14卷 507-512页

作者： Victoria Metelkina-Fernandez Louise-Emilie Dumas Clair Vandersteen David Chirio Auriane Gros Arnaud Fernandez Florence Askenazy Valeria Manera Department of Psychiatry Nice University HospitalNice 06000France Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry UniversitéCôte d’AzurNice 06200France ENT Head and Neck InstituteNice 06100France Department of Infectiology Nice University HospitalNice 06200France Department of Orthophony UniversitéCôte d’AzurNice 06100France Cobtek UniversitéCôte d’AzurNice 06100France

BACKGROUND anosmia was one of the main symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).A psychiatric history(i.e.,depression)may be an independent contributor to the risk of COVID-19 diagnosis,and COVID-19 survivors appear to have an increased risk of neuropsychiatric sequelae(bidirectional association).AIM To compare the rate of psychiatric disorder among post-COVID patients without anosmia vs patients with persistent olfactory *** We conducted a prospective case control study from March 2020 to May *** recruited at the ENT department of Nice University Hospital had a subjective olfactory complaint(visual analogue scale)for over 6 wk and a molecular or CT-proven severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diagnosis confirmed by ***-COVID patients without persistent olfactory disorders were recruited at the university hospital infectiology *** medical histories were collected by a psychiatrist during the *** Thirty-four patients with post-COVID-19 olfactory complaints were included in the first group of the *** percent of the patients were female(n=17).The group’s mean age was 40.5±12.9 *** control group included 32 participants,of which 34.4%were female(n=11),and had a mean age of 61.2±12.2 *** rate of psychiatric disorder among post-COVID patients with olfactory complaints was significatively higher(41.7%)than among patients without(18.8%)(χ2=5.9,P=0.015).CONCLUSION The presence of a psychiatric history may constitute a potential risk factor for the development of long COVID due to persistent *** therefore seems important to establish reinforced health monitoring after a COVID 19 infection in at-risk *** prospective,translational,and collaborative studies are needed to extrapolate these results to the general population.

关键词： COVID-19 anosmia Psychiatry Stress Neuroplasticity Psychiatric history

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Evaluation of children and adults with post-COVID-19 persistent smell,taste and trigeminal chemosensory disorders:A hospital based study

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2023年第3期12卷 133-150页

作者： Sherifa Ahmed Hamed Eman Bahaa Kamal-Eldeen Mohamed Azzam Abdel-Razek Ahmed Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Assiut UniversityFaculty of MedicineAssiut 71516Egypt Department of Pediatrics Assiut UniversityFaculty of MedicineAssiut 71516Egypt Department of ENT Assiut UniversityFaculty of MedicineAssiut 71516Egypt

BACKGROUND Smell disorders are the most frequent persistent coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)*** To describe the patterns and characteristics of persistent smell and taste disorders in Egyptian *** Assessment was done to 185 patients(adults=150,age:31.41±8.63 years;children=35;age:15.66±1.63 years).Otolaryngology and neuropsychiatric evaluations were *** included:A clinical questionnaire(for smell and taste);sniffin'odor,taste and flavor identification tests and the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements(sQOD-NS).RESULTS Duration of disorders was 11.53±3.97 ms(6-24 ms).Parosmia(n=119;64.32%)was developed months after anosmia(3.05±1.87 ms).Objective testing showed anosmia in all,ageusia and flavor loss in 20%(n=37)and loss of nasal and oral trigeminal sensations in 18%(n=33)and 20%(n=37),*** had low scoring of sQOD-NS(11.41±3.66).There were no specific differences in other demographics and clinical variables which could distinguish post-COVID-19 smell and taste disorders in children from *** The course of small and taste disorders are supportive of the nasal and oral neuronal ***-COVID-19 taste and trigeminal disorders were less frequent compared to smell ***-COVID-19 flavor disorders were solely dependent on taste and not smell *** were no demographics,clinical variables at onset or specific profile of these disorders in children compared to adults.

关键词： Post-COVID-19 complications anosmia Ageusia Trigeminal sensory loss Parosmia Quality of life

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Post-COVID-19 persistent olfactory,gustatory,and trigeminal chemosensory disorders:Definitions,mechanisms,and potential treatments

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2023年第2期10卷 4-22页

作者： Sherifa Ahmed Hamed Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Assiut UniversityFaculty of MedicineAssiut 71516Egypt

The nose and the oral cavities are the main sites for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)entry into the *** and taste deficits are the most common acute viral *** smell disorders are the most common and bothersome complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection,lasting for months to *** mechanisms and treatment of persistent post-coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)smell and taste disorders are still *** sources for the review are PubMed,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Ovid Medline,Embase,Scopus,Web of Science,International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews,Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,Elton Bryson Stephens Company,Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care,Cooperation in Science and Technology,International Clinical Trials Registry Platform,World Health Organization,Randomized Controlled Trial Number Registry,and *** review summarizes the up-to-date information about the prevalence,patterns at onset,and prognoses of post-COVID-19 smell and taste disorders,evidence for the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and the overlap between SARSCoV-1,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,and SARS-CoV-2 in structure,molecular biology,mode of replication,and host pathogenicity,the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms for these post-COVID19 chemosensory disorders,and the applied pharmacotherapies and interventions as trials to treat these disorders,and the recommendations for future research to improve understanding of predictors and mechanisms of these *** are crucial for hopeful proper treatment strategies.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviruses Olfactory and gustatory chemosensory disorders anosmia Ageusia Parosmia Neuronal degeneration Neurogenesis

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Olfactory Bulb in Anosmic Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review

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Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 2022年第1期37卷 23-30页

作者： Atefeh Beigi-khoozani Amirmohammad Merajikhah Mahdieh Soleimani Department of Operating Room Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Department of Operating Room Sabzevar University of Medical SciencesRazavi KhorasanIran Department of Operating Room Maragheh University of Medical SciencesEast AzerbaijanIran

Background anosmia is one of the symptoms in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 *** anosmic patients,SARS-CoV-2 temporarily alters the signaling process in olfactory nerve cells and olfactory bulb(OB),which eventually damages the structure of the olfactory epithelium,leading to a permanent disorder in the olfactory pathway that this damaged structure is showed in MRI imaging Method Two investigators independently searched four databases consisting of PubMed,ProQuest,Scopus,and Web of Science for relevant records as of November 11,2020 with no time,space,and language *** Scholar was also searched for the related resources within the time limit of *** the found articles were reviewed based on the PRISMA flow *** studies,case reports,editorials,letters,and other non-original studies were excluded from this systematic *** Initial search yielded 434 *** reviewing the titles and abstracts,we selected 74 articles;finally,8 articles were depicted to be investigated and read in full *** obtained results showed an increase in the width and volume of the olfactory cleft(OC),complete or partial destruction of OC,and complete occlusion of OC in COVID-19 *** and degeneration as well as a subtle asymmetry were evident in the *** tomography(CT),meganetic resonance imaging(MRI),and positron emission tomography(PET)were used to detect the outcomes of anosmia in these *** The changes in OC are greater than those in OB in patients with COVID-19,mainly due to the inflammatory and immune responses in ***,fewer changes in OB are due to neurological or vascular *** steroid therapy and topical saline can be helpful.

关键词： magnetic resonance imaging olfactory bulb COVID-19 anosmia

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 97-104页

作者： Mihai A.Bentan Evan R.Reiter Richard M.Costanzo Daniel H.Coelho Department of Otolaryngology-Head&Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA

Objective:The aim of this study was to review findings from a large prospective national database of chemosensory disturbances associated with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)*** Sources:The Virginia Commonwealth University Smell and Taste Center national database of COVID-19 chemosensory ***:A series of online surveys,first opened on April 10,2020,was made accessible nationwide to any adult with sudden chemosensory dysfunction since January *** received subsequent follow-up surveys 14 days,1 month,3 months,and 6 months after *** additional survey was sent to all participants on May 28,2022 to assess long-term *** pertaining to demographics,symptoms,comorbidities,treatments,and life impact was ***:Of 363 participants who reported complete smell recovery,51.2%recovered within 1 month,70%within 3 months,and 79%within 6 months,while 8.8%took over 1 year to completely *** all participants,7.5%had no smell *** predictors of recovery included age<40,male gender,and the presence of nasal *** predictors included difficulty breathing and prior head *** participants reported a decrease in quality of life and the presence of potential safety hazards associated with decreased smell ***:Most subjects with COVID-19-related chemosensory dysfunction recover,with the majority noting complete recovery within weeks of *** aged over 40 years and female gender were associated with lower rates of recovery.A considerable number of participants reported significant impact on quality of life and safety.

关键词： anosmia COVID-19 smell

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Recovery rates and long-term olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19 infection

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 121-128页

作者： Melanie Dias Zara Shaida Nora Haloob Claire Hopkins ENT Department Guy's HospitalLondonUK

Objectives:Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most recognized symptoms of COVID-19,significantly impacting quality of life,particularly in cases where recovery is *** review aims to explore patterns of olfactory recovery post-COVID-19 infection,with particular focus on delayed *** Sources:Published literature in the English language,including senior author's own work,online and social media platforms,and patients'anecdotal ***:A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken by the authors with guidance from the senior author with expertise in the field of ***:Based on self-report,an estimated 95%of patients recover their olfactory function within 6 months post-COVID-19 ***,psychophysical testing detects higher rates of persistent olfactory *** has been found to continue for at least 2 years postinfection;negative prognostic indicators include severe olfactory loss in the acute phase,female sex,and older *** in quantitative and qualitative disturbance in prolonged cases likely reflects both peripheral and central pathophysiological *** of many of the reviewed studies reflect lack of psychophysical testing and baseline olfactory ***:Post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction remains a significant health and psychosocial *** evidence is improving awareness and knowledge among clinicians to better support patients through their olfactory rehabilitation,with hope of recovery after several months or *** research is needed to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of delayed recovery,identify at risk individuals earlier in the disease course,and develop therapeutic targets.

关键词： anosmia COVID-19 olfaction parosmia recovery

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Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism— An Update on the Aetiopathogenesis, Management of IHH in Both Males and Females—An Exhaustive Review

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Advances in Sexual Medicine 2016年第4期6卷 50-78页

作者： Kochar Kaur Kulvinder G. N. Allahbadia M. Singh Dr Kulvinder Kaur Centre for Human Reproduction Jalandhar India Rotunda Centre for Human Reproduction Mumbai India Swami Satyanand Hospital Jalandhar India

Methods: Asystematic literature search was performed using PUBMED for all English articles up to April 2014. Although this review mainly focuses on published human studies, it also draws attention to where future research should be directed based on animal studies. Results: Besides the 9 known mutations widely quoted for KS namely KAL1, Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), prokineticin 2 (PROK2), PROK receptor 2 (PROKR2), WDR11, heparin sulfate-6-O-Transferase (HS6T1), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) and semaphorin 3A (SEMA 3A), additional mutations in “FGF8 synexpression” group e.g., FGF 17, ILRD, DUSP 6, SPRY4 and FLRT3 have been shown to be involved in CHH, mostly KS besides SEMA 7A. Although traditionally division has been based on anosmic/normosnic criteria, further genes found to cause so called nIHH like Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR). KISS1, TAC3, TACR3 have also been found to be associated with hyposmia on detailed testing on UPSIT and MRI for olfactory structures revealed absent OB. Further detailed examination of transcription factor genes have revealed involvement of HESX1, TSHZ1, AXL, SOX10 with a strong overlap of in transcription factors in development of septooptic dysplasia (SOD), combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CHPD) and KS. Treatment with rFSH/-hCG gives almost similar results to pulsatile GnRH therapy and should be based on cost factor, availability and in occasional cases specific treatment like kisspeptin therapy. Conclusions: Contrary to the traditional thinking, one shoud reconsider classifying cases of IHH simply on basis of anosmia/normosmia. Deafness calls for looking for mutations in Sox 10/CHD7/ILRD7 considering 38% association of former. Therapy should be individualized based on availability of pulsatile GnRH, cost factor and in recalcitrant cases kp therapy may be of use with kp mutations and NKB mutations.

关键词： Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Kallmannsyndrome anosmia Hyposmia Normosmia Gene Mutations

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