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Dissolution Kinetics of Calcined Ulexite in ammonium chloride Solutions at High Solid-to-Liquid Ratios

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物理化学学报 2006年第10期22卷 1287-1290页

作者： GR Aycan Science & Art Faculty Department of Chemistry Yüzüncü Yιl University VAN-TURKEY

The dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium chloride solutions at high solid-to-liquid ratios were investigated. In the experiments, calcination temperature, solution concentration, reaction temperature, and pre-hydration were chosen as parameters. It was observed that the dissolution rate increased with increasing calcination temperature, solution concentration, and reaction temperature, whereas it was not affected by pre-hydration. Employing graphical and statistic methods, the dissolution rate, based on homogeneous reaction model, can be given as: (1-X(B2O3))-1-1= k(c(NH4Cl))1.982t. The activation energy for the dissolution of the ulexite sample calcined at 160 ℃ was found to be 84.04 kJ·mol-1.

关键词： Ulexite Dissolution kinetics High solid-to-liquid ratios ammonium chloride

Effects of propofol on ammonium chloride-exposed astrocyte morphology and aquaporin-4 expression

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Neural Regeneration Research 2011年第5期6卷 383-387页

作者： Hanjian Chen Caifei Pan Peng Guo Yueying Zheng Shengmei Zhu Department of Anesthesiology First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University Medical School Hangzhou 310003 Zhejiang Province China Department of Anesthesiology Shaoxing Central Hospital Shaoxing 312030 Zhejiang Province China

Ammonia induces astrocyte swelling, which is strongly associated with overexpression of aquaporin-4. However, the mechanisms by which ammonia induces astrocyte swelling, and subsequently upregulating aquaporin-4 expression, remain unknown. In the present study, astrocytes were cultured in vitro and exposed to ammonium chloride （NH4CI）, followed by propofol protein kinase C agonist, or antagonist, respectively. Astrocyte morphology was observed by light microscopy, and aquaporin-4 expression was detected by western blot analysis. Results showed that propofol or protein kinase C agonist significantly attenuated the degree of NH4CI-induced astrocyte swelling and inhibited increased aquaporin-4 expression. Propofol treatment inhibited aquaporin-4 overexpression in cultured astrocyte induced by NH4CI; protein kinase C pathway activation is potentially involved.

关键词： ammonium chloride aquaporin-4 astrocytes propofol protein kinase C

湖泊施用氯化铵(ammonium chloride)养鱼技术通过专家鉴定

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渔业信息与战略 1993年第5期 29-29页

作者：武信

武汉市洪山区南湖渔场在大面积湖泊施用氯化铵养鱼获得显著效果。最近武汉市科委组织专家对湖泊施用氯化铵养鱼技术研究课题进行技术鉴定。洪山区南湖渔场于1991、1992年两年在4500亩(300ha)湖面进行氯化铵养鱼试验,成鱼产量由1990年的45

关键词：专家养鱼技术 ammonium chloride 洪山区

Effects of Br^- and I^- concentrations on Zn electrodeposition from ammoniacal electrolytes

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2015年第7期22卷 682-687页

作者： Zhi-mei Xia Sheng-hai Yang Liang-hong Duan Mo-tang Tang School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University School of Metallurgical Engineering Hunan University of Technology

The effects of Br- and I- concentrations on the cell voltage, anodic polarization, current efficiency （CE）, and energy consumption （EC） of zinc electrodeposition from ammoniacal ammonium chloride solutions were investigated. The surface morphology of zinc deposits was also examined. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to characterize the morphology of zinc deposits and the phase of anodic sediments produced during electrolysis. The results clearly showed that the CE slightly increased from approximately 95.12% in the absence of F and Br- to 97.08% in the presence of 10 g·L-1 Br; in contrast, the CE significantly decreased to less than 83% in the presence of 10 g·L-1 I- . The addition of Br and I- positively affected the EC, which decreased from 2514 kW·h·t-1 to approximately 2300 kW·h·t-1. The results of anodic polarization measurements showed that the voltage drops were 130 and 510 mV when the concentrations of Br- and I- were 10 g·L-1 at a eUlTent density of 400 A·m2, respectively. SEM images showed that the addition of Br- and I- caused different crystal growth mechanisms, which resulted in the production of compact and smooth zinc deposits. The anodic reactions of I were also studied.

关键词： zinc electrodeposition bromide iodide ammonium chloride current efficiency energy consumption

Using highly concentrated chloride solutions to leach valuable metals from cathode-active materials in spent lithium-ion batteries

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Rare Metals 2021年第7期40卷 1971-1978页

作者： Ai-Fei Yi Zhao-Wu Zhu Ya-Hui Liu Jian Zhang Hui Su Tao Qi National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology Institute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101407China

This study focused on the extraction of valuable metals from the cathode-active materials in spent lithiumion batteries using a high-concentration chloride solution.The effects of the concentrations of ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl),hydrochloric acid(HCl),and reductants such as hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))and urea(CO(NH_(2))_(2))on metal extraction and chlorine production were studied experimentally.The leaching mechanism was analyzed,and a leaching model was established.It was found that the addition of solid NH4 Cl to an HCl solution significantly improved the metal extraction capability of the latter and reduced the formation of chlorine gas by 96.0%compared to that only using HCl.The activation energies for leaching Li,Ni,Co,and Mn were determined to be 30.4,38.5,30.6,and 38.2 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.This study demonstrates an environmentally friendly method for recycling metal resources from cathode-active materials and furthers understanding of how NH4 Cl inhibits chlorine production when leaching with mixed solutions of HCl and NH4 Cl.

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries Hydrochloric acid ammonium chloride Chlorine gas

X-ray Diffraction of Dust Particles in Spring Beijing

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2011年第1期85卷 254-262页

作者： ZHENG Nan WANG Hejin XU Tingjing LI Ting Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution Ministry of Education China School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beifing 100871 State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871

X-ray diffractometry was utilized to study the mineralogical characteristics of the inhalable particles （PM10） sampled during two dust storms in Beijing city on March 18th and May 21st, 2008. We confirm, for the first time, that there stably exists ammonium chloride in the atmosphere when temperature is low. The total sulfates particles were affected by relative humidity. Both species and concentration of sulfates decreased first and then grew back by the end of each dust storm. Koninckite, a phosphate mineral never reported as particulate aerosol before, was identified. Meanwhile, our result shows that a chemical modification on dust minerals occurs during long range transportation. PM10 samples collected during the period of dust storms were dominated by crustal minerals such as quartz, illite/smectite, illite, chlorite, feldspar and calcite, and were notably higher in concentration than that in normal periods of time. The amounts of total sulfates, calcite and feldspar altered in each dust storm. It is derived from 24-hour isentropic backward trajectories that two dust events in spring 2008 originated in different sources.

关键词： dust storm PM10 X-ray diffraction ammonium chloride

Phase equilibrium of the ternary system of NH_(4)Cl—CaCl_(2)—H_(2)O at 50℃

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2010年第1期4卷 75-77页

作者： Xia LI Junsheng YUAN Zhiyong JI Jianxin CHEN Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130China Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology Ministry of EducationTianjin 300130China

The equilibrium data on the ternary system of NH_(4)Cl-CaCl_(2)-H_(2)O at 50℃were investigated using the wet-residue method.The experimental results show that there are three pure phase crystal areas of NH_(4)Cl,2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl_(2)·3H_(2)O and CaCl·2H_(2)O,two mixture phase crystal areas of NH_(4)Cl and 2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl·3H_(2)O,and 2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl_(2)·3H_(2)O and CaCl·2H_(2)O in the system.A new hydration double salt(2NH_(4)Cl·CaCl·3H_(2)O)was found in the ternary equilibrium system for the first time.

关键词： calcium chloride ammonium chloride phase equilibrium

Effects of Different Hardeners on the Working Properties and Bonding Strength of Urea-formaldehyde Adhesives

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Chinese Forestry Science and Technology 2003年第3期2卷 28-36页

作者： YIN Suzhou TANG Chanjuan HAN ShuguangCollege of Wood Science and Technology. Nanjing Forestry University Naniine 210037. P. R. China

The addition of a hardener is necessary for the curing of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in the production of MDF and particleboard. The most commonly used hardener, ammonium chloride, however, is suspected to cause the formation of poisonous dioxin when waste boards are combusted and hence considered as a potential source of pollution. To assess the feasibility of substituting ammonium sulphate for ammonium chloride, working properties and bonding strength were measured for UF adhesives with the two ...

关键词： AU resin hardener ammonium chloride ammonium sulphate dioxin working properties

Solubility Measurement of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO4 Solutions and Thermodynamic Calculation

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Solubility Measurement of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in NH4Cl...