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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar x-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen xinwen Shu Shengli Sun xiaojin Sun xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang Liu Mingjun Liu xing Liu Yuan Liu Zhu Liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu xuefeng Wu Dong xu Yanjun xu Suijian xue Yongquan xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian Congzhan Liu Heyang Liu Huaqiu Liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma xuan Mao Haiwu Pan xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao xu Jingjing xu xinpeng xu Yunfei xu Zhao xu Changbin xue Yulong xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Astronomy and Space Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Physics University of Hong Kong School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University Department of Physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Physics Department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Cape Town Department of Physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM Department of Astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Institute for Cosmic ray Research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC Department of Astronomy School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney Institute for Astronomy School of Physics The University of Sydney Department of Astronomy xiamen University Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology School of Astronomy and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Institute of Deep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration Laboratory Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar x-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field x-ray Telescope （WxT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief x-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying x-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FxT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** x-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** x-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial x-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,x-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： x-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

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x-ray excited Mn^(2+)-doped persistent luminescence materials with biological window emission for in vivo bioimaging

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第1期42卷 28-35,I0001页

作者： Hanrun Zheng Lin Liu Yi’ang Li Rui Rong Liang Song Junpeng Shi Jing Teng xia Sun Yun Zhang State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xiamen361015China Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou350108China

In recent years,persistent luminescence materials(PLMs)excited by x-rays and emitting in biological windows have received extensive attention in the field of high-sensitivity *** metal Mn^(2+)is an ideal emission center,but few studies focus on Mn^(2+)-doped PLMs with x-ray excitation and biological window ***,we report a Mn^(2+)-doped PLM,LiYGeO_(4):Mn^(2+)(LYGM),with excellent biological window persistent luminescence *** excitation by UV,LYGM produces a durable biological window of persistent luminescence emission at 660 nm for up to 20 *** *** can be repeatedly excited by x-rays,resulting in long-term biological window persistent luminescence *** addition,we obtain LYGM around 200 nm in diameter by ball milling and centrifugation and improve its biocompatibility by surface modification to apply it to in vivo imaging in *** LYGM are injected into mice through the tail vein,in situ excitation of x-rays can be *** the persistent luminescence decays,LYGM can be re-excited for repeated ***,LYGM shows potential prospects for in vivo deep tissue and long-term bioimaging.

关键词： Persistent luminescence x-ray Biological window In vivo imaging Rare earths

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x-ray sensitive high-Z metal nanocrystals for cancer imaging and therapy

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Nano Research 2021年第11期14卷 3744-3755页

作者： Liting Zheng Rong Zhu Lanlan Chen Qinrui Fu Jingying Li Chen Chen Jibin Song Huanghao Yang MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology College of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116China

Radiotherapy(RT)based on x-ray irradiation is a widely applied cancer treatment strategy in the ***,treating cancer based on RT alone usually results in insufficient radiation energy deposition,which inevitably has serious side effects on healthy parts of the ***,high atomic number(high-Z)metal nanocrystals as x-ray sensitizers can reduce the radiation dose effectively due to their high x-ray absorption,which has attracted increased attention in recent ***-Z metal nanocrystals produce Auger and photoelectrons electrons under x-ray irradiation,which could generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species,and induce cellular *** sensitization effect of high-Z metal nanocrystals is closely related with their composition,morphologies,and size,which would strongly impact their performances in the application of cancer imaging and *** this review,we summarize diverse types of x-ray sensitizers such as bismuth,hafnium,gold,and gadolinium for cancer RT and imaging *** addition,current challenges and the outlook of RT based on high-Z metal nanocrystals are also discussed.

关键词： radiotherapy x-ray high-Z metal nanocrystal cancer therapy

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x-ray-activated UVA long persistent luminescence from defective fluoride elpasolites

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Journal of Rare Earths 2020年第2期38卷 124-129页

作者： Zhiyong Li Hong Li Hong-Tao Sun College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China

Long persistent phosphors have received significant attention owing to their attractive photophysical ***,we report a new long persistent phosphor exhibiting strong ultraviolet A(UVA)*** phosphors were synthesized by a solid-state reaction *** find that the obtained phosphors demonstrate super long UVA-afterglow emissions after irradiation by x-ray source,and the afterglow can last more than 50 h.A wide range of experimental characterizations indicate that the Tb^3+doped fluoride elpasolite phosphors are defective and some fluoride ions are replaced by oxygen ions,which creates electron traps with suitable trap *** results establish that Tb^3+can act as optical emitters in wide-bandgap hosts that can result in the UVA *** work enriches the bank of UV long persistent phosphors,and may stimulate more efforts for the design and synthesis of this kind of optical materials.

关键词： Cs2NaYF6:Tb^3+ Long persistent phosphor Afterglow Ultraviolet A x-ray irradiation Rare earths

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x-ray emission for Ar^(11+)ions impacting on various targets in the collisions near the Bohr velocity

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Chinese Physics B 2021年第8期30卷 312-316页

作者： xian-Ming Zhou Jing Wei Rui Cheng Yan-Hong Chen Ce-xiang Mei Li-xia Zeng Chang-Hui Liang Yao-Zong Li Yong-Tao Zhao xiao-An Zhang Ion Beam and Optical Physics Joint Laboratory of xianyang Normal University and Institute of Modern Physics of CAS Xianyang Normal UniversityXianyang 712000China School of Science Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

x-ray emission from the collisions of 3 MeV Ar^(11+)ions with V,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,and Zn is *** the x-rays of the target atom and projectile are observed *** x-ray yield is extracted from the original *** inner-shell ionization cross section is estimated by the binary encounter approximation model and compared with the experimental *** remarkable result is that the Ar K-shell x-ray yield is diminished with the target atomic number increasing,which is completely opposite to the theoretical *** is interpreted by the competitive consumption of the energy loss for the ionization of inner-shell electrons between the projectile and target atom.

关键词： ion-atom collision near Bohr velocity x-ray coulomb ionization

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x-ray diffraction study on structure of aqueous Mn(NO_3)2·6H_2O solution

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1996年第16期41卷 1353-1358页

作者：房春晖 YamaguchiToshio WakitaHisanobu OhtakiHitoshi Institute of Salt Lake Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710043 China Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Fukuoka University Fukuoka 814-01 Japan Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 524 Japan

The structure of aqueous electrolyte solution has been widely studied by means of x-ray and neutron diffraction, from which the information of ion-ion, ion-water, and water-water interactions can be revealed. Almost all of the studies are limited to aqueous solutions of monoatomic ions though they have involved some investigations under extreme conditions, such as the supercooled and the supercritical.

关键词： aqueous solution structure manganese nitrate x-ray diffraction

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x-ray detection based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensors

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2019年第1期30卷 43-48页

作者： Qian-Qian Cheng Chun-Wang Ma Yan-Zhong Yuan Fang Wang Fu Jin xian-Feng Liu College of Physics and Materials Science Henan Normal University College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Henan Normal University Chongqing Cancer Hospital

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) sensors can convert x-rays into detectable signals; therefore, they are powerful tools in x-ray detection applications. Herein, we explore the physics behind x-ray detection performed using CMOS sensors. x-ray measurements were obtained using a simulated positioner based on a CMOS sensor, while the x-ray energy was modified by changing the voltage, current, and radiation time. A monitoring control unit collected video data of the detected x-rays. The video images were framed and filtered to detect the effective pixel points(radiation spots).The histograms of the images prove there is a linear relationship between the pixel points and x-ray energy. The relationships between the image pixel points, voltage, and current were quantified, and the resultant correlations were observed to obey some physical laws.

关键词： x-ray detection Simulated positioner Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor Effective pixel points

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x-ray spectra induced by slow highly charged Ar^(q+) ions in collision with Nb surface

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2008年第10期51卷 1463-1469页

作者： YANG ZhiHu1, CUI Ying2, CHEN xiMeng2, SONG ZhangYong1, SHAO Jianxiong2, RUAN FangFang1, ZHANG HongQiang2, DU Juan2, LIU YuWen2, GAO ZhiMing2, ZHANG xiaoAn3, ZHU Kexin1, YU DeYang1 & CAI xiaoHong1 1 Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 2 Department of Modern Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China 3 Department of Physics, xianyang Normal College, xianyang 712000, China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Department of Modern Physics Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Department of Physics Xianyang Normal College Xianyang China

The x-ray spectra of Nb surface induced by Arq+ (q =16,17) ions with the energy range from 10 to 20 keV/q were studied by the optical spectrum technology. The experimental results indicate that the multi-electron excitation occurred as a highly charged Ar16+ ion was neutralized below the metal surface. The K shell electron of Ar16+ was excited and then de-excited cascadly to emit K x-ray. The intensity of the x-ray emitted from K shell of the hollow Ar atom decreased with the increase of projectile kinetic energy. The intensity of the x-ray emitted from L shell of the target atom Nb increased with the increase of projectile kinetic energy. The x-ray yield of Ar17+ is three magnitude orders larger than that of Ar16+.

关键词： highly charged ion hollow atom multi-electron x-ray

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x-ray spectra induced by ^(129)xe^(q+) impacting the metal surface

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2008年第1期51卷 82-89页

作者： ZHANG xiaoAn 1,2 ,xIAO GuoQing 1 ,YANG ZhiHu 1 ,CHEN xiMeng 3 ,ZHAO YongTao 1 , LI FuLi 4 ,WANG Li 1,2 ,CUI Ying 3 ,ZHANG HongQiang 3 &ZHAN WenLong 1 1Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China 2Department of Physics,xianyang Normal University,xianyang 712000,China 3Department of Modern Physics,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China 4Department of Applied Physics,xi’an Jiaotong University,xi’an 710049,China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Department of Physics Xianyang Normal University Xianyang China Department of Modern Physics Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Department of Applied Physics Xi’an Jiaotong University China

Using the slow highly charged ions 129 xe q+ (q=25,26,27;initial kinetic T0≤4.65 keV/a.u.)to impact Au surface,the Au atomic Mαcharacteristic x-ray spectrum is *** result shows that as long as the charge state of projectile is high enough,the heavy atomic characteristic x-ray can be effectively excited even though the incident beam is very weak(nA magnitude),and the x-ray yield per ion is in the order of 10-8and increases with the kinetic energy and potential energy of *** measuring the Au Mα-x-ray spectra,Au atomic N-level lifetime is estimated at about 1.33×10-18s based on Heisenberg uncertainty relation.

关键词： slow highly charged ions characteristic x-ray level lifetime

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x-ray Study of InAlAs/InGaAs/InP Heterostructures

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Science China Mathematics 1994年第9期37卷 1125-1134页

作者：麦振洪王超英吴兰生江潮周钧铭 Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Beijing 100080 PRC

The relationship between the growth condition and the epilayer thickness and the composition of InGaAs/InAlAs/InP heterostructures grown by MBE has been investigated by double-crystal x-ray diffraction technique, and analyzed with simulated calculation based on the x-ray diffraction dynamical theory. Double crystal x-ray diffraction topographs show that there are dislocations and precipitates in the substrate and the epilayer, and that the imperfection in the substrate affects the quality of the epilayers. The contrast of precipitates observed has been explained using the x-ray diffraction dynamical theory. It is indicated that the lattice surrounding the precipitates undergoes a tensile strain field.

关键词： double crystal x-ray diffraction semiconduction film defect.

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