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Responses of soil microbial carbon use efficiency to warming: Review and prospects

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Soil Ecology Letters 2022年第4期4卷 307-318页

作者： Qiufang Zhang Wenkuan Qin Jiguang Feng Biao Zhu Institute of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciencesand Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Microbial carbon use efficiency(CUE)is an important factor driving soil carbon(C)dynamics.However,microbial CUE could positively,negatively,or neutrally respond to increased temperature,which limits our prediction of soil C storage under future climate warming.Experimental warming affects plant production and microbial communities,which thus can have a significant impact on biogeochemical cycles of terrestrial ecosystems.Here,we reviewed the present research status of methods measuring microbial CUE and the response of microbial CUE to the changes of biotic and abiotic factors induced by warming.Overall,current measurement methods mainly include metabolic flux analysis,calorespirometry,stoichiometric model,13C and 18O labeling.Differences in added substrate types can lead to an overestimation or underestimation on microbial CUE,particularly when using the 13C labeling method.In addition,changes in the dominant microbial community under warming may also affect CUE.However,there is still uncertainty in CUE characteristics of different microorganisms.Microbial CUE is generally decreased under warming conditions as microbes are subjected to water stress or soil labile organic matter is much more depleted compared to ambient conditions.In contrast,considering that warming increases soil nutrient availability,warming may enhance microbial CUE by alleviating nutrient limitations for microbes.In conclusion,the response of microbial CUE to warming is more complex than expected.The microbial growth and physiological adaptation to environmental stress under warming is one of the main reasons for the inconsistence in microbial CUE response.Finally,we propose five aspects where further research could improve the understanding of microbial CUE in a warmer world,including using new technologies,establishing multi-factor interactive experiments,building a network of experimental research platform for warming,and strengthening studies on response of CUE to warming at different soil depths and on different temporal scales.

关键词： warming Carbon use efficiency Substrate quality Nutrient availability Stoichiometry

Solar Geoengineering to Reduce Global warming—The Outlook Remains Cloudy

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Engineering 2022年第2期8卷 6-9页

作者： Sean O’Neill Senior Technology Writer

In March 2021,Australia’s Great Barrier Reef played host to a rare field test of marine cloud brightening(MCB)technology.Blasting a seawater mist into the air from the aft of a research ves-sel using a turbine outfitted with novel spray nozzles,researchers watched the resulting white plume rise into the sky(Fig.1)[1].Over the last five years,the Reef has suffered multiple mass bleaching events because of ocean warming caused by climate change[2].The MCB project,led by senior lecturer Daniel Harrison of Southern Cross University,Coffs Harbour,Australia,is part of the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program[3],a government-backed research and development initiative that aims to“develop,test and risk-assess novel interventions to help keep the Reef resilient.”

关键词： Solar warming ocean

warming decreases photosynthates and yield of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] in the North China Plain

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The Crop Journal 2016年第2期4卷 139-146页

作者： Lixia Zhang Lili Zhu Mengyang Yu Mingxing Zhong State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyCollege of Life Sciences Henan University

Understanding the responses of field crops such as soybean to climate warming is critical for economic development and adaptive management of food security. A field warming experiment was conducted using infrared heaters to investigate the responses of soybean phenology, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield to climate warming in the North China Plain. The results showed that 0.4 °C and 0.7 °C increases in soybean canopy air and soil temperature advanced anthesis stage by 3.8 days and shortened the length of entire growth stage by 4.5 days. warming also decreased the leaf photosynthetic rate by 6.6% and 10.3% at the anthesis and seed filling stages, respectively, but increased the leaf vapor pressure deficit by 9.4%, 15.7%, and 14.1% at the anthesis, pod setting, and seed filling stages,respectively. However, leaf soluble sugar and starch were decreased by 25.6% and 20.5%,respectively, whereas stem soluble sugar was reduced by 12.2% at the anthesis stage under experimental warming. The transportation amount of leaf soluble sugar and contribution rate of transportation amount to seed weight were reduced by 58.2% and 7.7%, respectively,under warming. As a result, warming significantly decreased 100-seed weight and soybean yield by 20.8% and 45.0%, respectively. Our findings provide better mechanistic understanding of soybean yield response to climate warming and could be helpful for forecasting soybean yield under future climate warming conditions.

关键词： Global warming Phenology Soluble sugar Soybean production Starch

Global warming weakening the inherent stability of glaciers and permafrost

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Science Bulletin 2019年第4期64卷 245-253页

作者： Yongjian Ding Shiqiang Zhang Lin Zhao Zhongqin Li Shichang Kang State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest China Ecological Environment and Resource Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy Sciences Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity Northwest University College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Northwest University State Cryosphere Monitor and Research Station Northwest China Ecological Environment and Resource Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences State Glacier Monitor and Research Station Northwest China Ecological Environment and Resource Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Cryosphere has been undergoing a worldwide retreat, as seen in the decrease in the areal extent and volume of glaciers and in the areal extent of permafrost. This paper presents a systematic examination of the inherent stability changes of glaciers and permafrost caused by warming. Various study results suggest that over the past 30 years, the internal temperature of glaciers and permafrost exhibits an overall accelerating warming trend. The warming rate peaked in the mid-2000s and slowed slightly for several years afterward. In recent years, however, the warming rate has seemed to pick up again. The warming of glaciers and permafrost has exerted great impact on their stability, displayed as intensified melting,increased glacier surging, enlargement of supraglacial lakes, and increased permafrost degradation.Even without a future temperature increase, some glaciers will continue to shrink, and the number of surging glaciers will increase. The transition from low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost is a noticeable warning sign of a comprehensive degradation of permafrost. These results indicate that‘‘warming" glaciers and permafrost will exert significant impacts on the hydrology, ecology, and stability of engineering in cold regions.

关键词： warming Englacial temperature Permafrost Internal thermal state Stability

Surface energy budget diagnosis reveals possible mechanism for the different warming rate among Earth’s three poles in recent decades

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Science Bulletin 2019年第16期64卷 1140-1143页

作者： Kailun Gao Anmin Duan Deliang Chen Guoxiong Wu State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Regional Climate Group Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg 40530Sweden

With the introduction of the‘‘Third Pole'[1],the Arctic,Antarctic,and Tibetan Plateau(TP)can be collectively referred to as the‘‘three poles of the Earth'.The cryosphere is an important component of the climate system because of its effect on Earth’s surface albedo and its role in reducing the amount of heat exchanged between the atmosphere and ocean or land(2)As the dominant parts of the cryosphere,the Arctic,Antarctic,and TP are pivotal and sensitive areas of global climate change.Global warming will weaken the inherent stability of the cryosphere,such as its ice shelves,glaciers and permafrost[3,4].

关键词： energy budget warming Earth’s three poles

warming and depth convergence of the Arctic Intermediate Water in the Canada Basin during 1985–2006

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2012年第4期31卷 46-54页

作者： LI Shujiang ZHAO Jinping SU Jie CAO Yong Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 China First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266061 China

The warming of the Arctic Intermediate Water （AIW） is studied based on the analyses of hydro- graphic observations in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean during 1985-2006. It is shown that how the anomalously warm AIW spreads in the Canada Basin during the observation time through the analysis of the AIW temperature spatial distribution in different periods. The results indicate that by 2006, the entire Canada Basin has almost been covered by the warming AIW. In order to study interannual variability of the AIW in the Canada Basin, the Canada Basin is divided into five regions according to the bottom topography. From the interannual variation of AIW temperature in each region, it is shown that a cooling period follows after the warming event in upstream regions. At the Chukchi Abyssal Plain and Chukchi Plateau, upstream of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current （ACBC） in the Canada Basin, the AIW temperature reached maximum and then started to fall respectively in 2000 and 2002. However, the AIW in the Canada Abyssal Plain and Beaufort Sea continues to warm monotonically until the year 2006. Furthermore, it is revealed that there is convergence of the AIW depth in the five different regions of the Canada Basin when the AIW warming occurs during observation time. The difference of AIW depth between the five regions of the Canada Basin is getting smaller and smaller, all approaching 410 m in recent years. The results show that depth convergence is related to the variation of AIW potential density in the Canada Basin.

关键词： Arctic Intermediate Water Canada Basin warming interannual variation conver-gence of AIW depth

warming in Arctic intermediate and deep waters around Chukchi Plateau and its adjacent regions in 1999

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1312-1320页

作者： ZHAO Jinping1, GAO Guoping2 & JIAO Yutian1 1. First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China 2. Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao China Ocean University of China Qingdao China

Based on the data measured during Arctic scientific expedition of China in 1999, the characteristics of temperature and salinity distributions around the Chukchi Plateau and its ad-jacent regions have been studied. It was found that the intermediate water with temperature higher than 0.5℃ existed in all parts of a 640 km section with a maximum temperature of 0.85℃ indicating a strong signal of the warming in Arctic Intermediate Water in 1999. Two important phenomena are described in this paper. First, the temperature of warm water was horizontally nonuniform. In the area of Chukchi Plateau, the temperature was higher, the layer of warm water was thicker and the depth of the warm water core was shallower than those in the area of con-tinental slope. The horizontal nonuniformity of the temperature distribution of warming water im-plies that the upward heat flux should also be nonuniform, thus exerting different effects on sea ice thickness, ice extent, and air-sea heat exchange. The mechanism to generate higher tem-perature in the plateau region was the bypassing of current around the plateau area caused by the special local topography, which restricted water exchange across the plateau and conserved heat in the water body. Second, the deep water down to 1400 m was also warming with a tem-perature increase of 0.2℃. The warming in deep water reflects the occurrence of complicated heat redistribution processes in the intermediate water, which altered the thermal structure in the upper 1400 m. The warming data embody the obvious impact of global climate change on the Arctic Ocean and further studies are wanted.

关键词： Chukchi Plateau, Arctic Ocean, warming in intermediate water, warming in deep water.

warming hiatus-and evergreen conifers in Altay-Sayan Region,Siberia

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Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第12期15卷 2579-2589页

作者： Viacheslav I.KHARUK Sergei T.IM Il'ya A.PETROV Sukachev Institute of Forest Federal Scientific CenterRussian Academy of ScienceSiberian BranchAcademgorodok 50/28Krasnoyarsk660036Russia Siberian Federal University Suobodny str.79Krasnoyarsk 660041Russia Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology Krasnoyarsky rabochy str.31Krasnoyarsk 660014Russia

"warming hiatus" occurred in the AltaySayan Mountain Region, Siberia in c. 1997–2014. We analyzed evergreen conifer(EGC) stands area(satellite data) and trees(Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Siberian fir, Abies sibirica Ledeb.) growth increment(dendrochronology data) response to climate variables before and during the hiatus. During the hiatus, EGC area increased in the highlands(>1000 m)(+30%), whereas at low and middle elevations(warming onset, whereas at the middle(900 m) and low elevations(450 m) GI increased until c. 1983 yr. with followed depression. That GI "breakpoint" occurred about a decade before hiatus onset. In spite of growth depression, during hiatus GI was higher than that in pre-warming period. At high elevation, GI positively responded to elevated June temperatures and negatively to moisture increase(precipitation, root zone moisture content, VPD, and SPEI). At low elevation GI negatively responded to June temperatures and positively to moisture increase. For both, low and high elevation, these patterns persisted throughout the study period(1967–2014). On the contrary, at middle elevations GI dependence on climate variables switch after breakpoint year(1983). Before breakpoint, June air temperature(positive correlation) and moisture(negative correlations) controlled GI. Further temperature increase leads GI depression and switched correlation signs to opposite(from positive to negative with tempe

关键词： Growth increment warming hiatus warming impact Conifer decline Tree growth Tree mortality Conifer mortality Water stress

Comparisons of urban-related warming in Beijing using different methods to calculate the daily mean temperature

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第4期62卷 693-702页

作者： Deming ZHAO Jian WU CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Atmospheric Science Yunnan University

To evaluate the contribution of urban surface expansion to regional warming using different methods to calculate the daily mean surface air temperature(SAT), satellite-based images displaying urban surface expansion over the past 37 years(1980–2016) across China were collected for use in nested numerical experiments using the weather research and forecasting(WRF) regional climate model. The contribution of urban surface expansion to urban-related warming was determined using the daily mean SAT averages based on four time records each day(00, 06, 12, and 18 h UTC, T_4) and averages of the SAT maximum(Tmax) and minimum(Tmin)(Txn). The contribution of urban surface expansion to urban-related warming(relative value) in Beijing was 0.110°C per decade(22.8% of total warming) for T_4 and 0.094°C per decade(20.2%) for Txn. The values obtained when using T_4 were larger than those obtained when using Txn. Differences in the urban-related warming calculated using T_4 and Txncould be attributed to the smaller changing trends in Txnin the urban-surface expansion experiment, which resulted from a large changing trend in Tminand a much smaller changing trend in Tmax. The changes in the diurnal cycle of the energy budget due to urban surface expansion induced changes in the diurnal cycle of SAT, as evidenced by the four time records each day, as well as Tmaxand Tmin. This was especially true for periods of intense urban surface expansion, although the annual mean SAT calculated using Txnwas larger than that calculated using T_4. The increase in impervious area(walls, streets, etc.) due to urban surface expansion, as well as the widespread use of building materials with a large heat capacity resulted in a marked increase in ground heat flux in the daytime. This restricted the increase in SAT in the daytime, but promoted it at night. The increases in SAT due to urban surface expansion were not symmetrical, being smaller in the daytime and larger at night.

关键词： Urban surface expansion Surface air temperature Daily mean temperature Changing trend Urban-related warming