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The Q-Switched Nd: YAG Laser in Tattoo Removal and the Effect of Lymphatic Elimination: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

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Surgical Science 2011年第5期2卷 262-268页

作者： S. Irkoren C. Demirdover B. Z. Akad M. Gorgu 不详

Background: Previously described methods for removal of Tattoos are chemical, mechanical, surgical, termal and laser assited methods. Invention of the Q-switch mode, advanced the laser method, to be one of the most effective methods of Tattoo removal. Objective: Comparing the Tattoo removal and rate of lymphatic elimination of 3 different wavelengths of Q-switched Nd-YAG laser (532nm, 1064nm, combination 532 + 1064). Methods: In this study we examined lymphatic elimination and the effect of 532 nm, 1064 nm, and the combination (532 + 1064 nm) wavelength of laser pulse for the possible lymphatic cleansing mechanism of black pigmented Tattoos. This study was performed on 18 New-Zealand rabbits, black pigmented Tattoos were engraved on the back and the four extremities of the animals. 532 nm wavelength of Q switched Nd: YAG laser beam was applied on the left upper and bilateral lower extremities of the rabbits. During this period, excisional skin biopsies and lymph node biopsies were performed on days 7, 14 and 21. Results: Day 21 lymph node biopsies revealed mixed type of reactive hyperplasia and intracellular pigments were markedly seen in the laser treatment group and no intracellular Tattoo pigment was seen in the control group. Conclusion: The findingd of this study indicate that lymphatic elimination may be one of the significant mechanisms of Tattoo removal and the application of different wavelengths of Q-switched Nd-YAG laser do not show statistically significant differences in Tattoo removal.

关键词： Q-Switched Nd-YAG Laser Tattoo Removal Rabbits

Protection Measures and Change in the Perception of Work Risks with COVID-19, in a Representative Sample of Portuguese Tattoo Artists

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Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine 2023年第1期11卷 49-65页

作者： Mónica Santos Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal

Introduction: Tattoo Artists are exposed to Occupational Hazards, but the bibliography is scarce. Methodology: this is a Mixed Exploratory Study carried out with a quantitative component (online questionnaire) and a qualitative component (online interview). The questionnaire was available between April 2020 and March 2021 and was distributed by the companies/professionals that work on Tattoos, main national magazines in the sector, companies that supply products and equipment and organizing committees of the main national congresses. The research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto (28.04.2020) and an informed consent was obtained. As an inclusion criterion, it was considered to carry out Tattooing tasks on a paid basis. As exclusion criteria, working outside the country or not mastering the Portuguese language stood out. Results: 207 Tattoo Artists answered the questionnaire (25.87% of professionals registered in Portugal) and nine interviews took place. Numerous statistically significant associations were found between the variables analysed. Final considerations: the main weaknesses of the study are related to the difficulties inherent in data collection: as it was carried out using an online questionnaire, it was not controlled whether all respondents practiced the profession of Tattoo Artists. Furthermore, as it is a voluntary questionnaire, it is possible that the sample retained professionals who value Occupational Health issues. This investigation combined quantitative and qualitative techniques, so that it was possible to take advantage of and mitigate the disadvantages of both;in fact, the qualitative aspect sequentially completed and explored the data initially obtained in the survey, as well as it allowed to deepen issues initially not programmed, such as the possible interference of the Pandemic associated with SARS-COV2 in the general Risk Perception and compliance with the Standards of Good Practices. Regarding the interviews, the sample wa

关键词： Tattoo Tattoo Artists Occupational Health Risk Perception COVID

Elemental Quantification in Intradermal Tattoo-Inks by Means of Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence

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Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications 2020年第1期10卷 33-53页

作者： Gabriela Riffo Camila Ramírez-Lama Leonardo Bennun Departamento de Educación Facultad de Educación Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile Laboratorio de Física Aplicada Departamento de Física Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile

This work describes the application of a detailed set of TXRF evaluations to the elemental content of assorted Tattoo inks, on the market of the city of Concepcion, Chile. We applied TXRF as a screening method for determining the composition in 3 sets of Tattoo inks, in order to establish, from an inorganic point of view, the composition and purity of the samples, evaluating their elemental innocuousness. The analyzed 48 products were freely acquired from on line suppliers. All of them were analyzed by external standard quantification, but in order to inter-compare the results, a 15% of the samples were acidly digested and then quantified by the internal standard method. In the samples we determined: 1) their inorganic quantitative composition and, 2) the possible presence of elements which are potential health hazards. In this study few anomalies were found: 1) The high presence Ti of and W in few samples, 2) Arsenic was found in four of them, and 3) A trace detection of a rare earth element in a particular product. The products studied are almost freely imported from a world open marked, so the questions about their innocuousness could affect not only to the Chilean society.

关键词： Tattoo Inks Inorganic Composition Multi-Elemental Evaluation Trace Metal Analysis Heavy Metals Determination TXRF External Standard Quantification

A Survey of Metals Found in Tattoo Inks

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第11期8卷 1243-1253页

作者： Meghanne E. Tighe D. Kai Libby Stanna K. Dorn Jeffrey R. Hosmer Graham F. Peaslee Chemistry Department Hope College Holland USA Department of Physics University of Notre Dame Notre Dame USA Health and Sciences Division College of DuPage Glen Ellyn USA

While the practice of Tattooing has existed for thousands of years, it has recently begun growing in popularity in the US. With the increasing prevalence of Tattoos, the methods and inks involved in the Tattooing process have also developed. Tattoos now use many brightly colored inks, often made using metal-based pigments. There is concern that chemicals may be present in Tattoo inks in concentrations that may lead to human health concerns either during application or removal of Tattoos. Since exposure to metals has been linked to tremors, liver damage, memory loss, cognitive loss, and even death, there is concern about the prevalence of metals in Tattoo inks in general. To this end, a survey of 226 commercial Tattoo inks was performed and each ink was analyzed for the presence of heavy metals using two different x-ray methods: Particle Induced X-Ray Emission and Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Fifteen metals were identified in various Tattoo inks by these rapid x-ray methods, including chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, barium, and lead. Conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence of metals in some pigment colors and from some brands.

关键词： Metals Tattoo Inks Tattoos PIXE SEM X-Ray Analysis

Eruptive Keratoacanthomas within a Red Ink Tattoo: A Case Report

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2018年第8期7卷 470-475页

作者： Brayden Healey William Galbraith Yasser M. Sammour Diane Baird Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Northwest Lebanon USA Cleveland Clinic Cleveland USA Diane Baird Dermatology Eugene USA

Background: There has been a longstanding debate regarding whether keratoacanthomas (KAs) are neoplastic or reactive/inflammatory lesions. Aim: The aim of this case report is to, within the aforementioned debate, offer support in favor of the potential reactive nature of keratoacanthomas. Case Presentation: A 64-year-old male presented with an eruption of 25 keratoacanthomas within a red ink Tattoo. Eruptions were partially resolved over a matter of months, and completely resolved with treatment using oral Acitretin therapy. We believe this to be the third such reported case of eruptive KAs within only the red ink portions of a Tattoo. Prior cases involved 2 and 8 KAs each. Discussion: Multiple studies suggest that KAs are neoplastic in nature and very distinct from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Especially interesting is the finding that KAs have increased expression of apoptotic genes;this is particularly notable because of the tendency for these lesions to spontaneously involute. Skin tumorigenesis can occur in predisposed individuals after carcinogen exposure, thus red ink possesses theoretical potential as a carcinogen. KAs could be seen in this case as in fact a reactive neoplasm.

关键词： Keratoacanthoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tattoo Red Ink Acitretin

Usefulness of colonic Tattooing using indocyanine green in patients with colorectal tumors

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2018年第13期6卷 632-640页

作者： Jae Ho Park Hee Seok Moon In Sun Kwon Gee Young Yun Seo Hee Lee Dae Hwa Park Ju Seok Kim Sun Hyung Kang Eaum Seok Lee Seok Hyun Kim Jae Kyu Sung Byung Seok Lee Hyun Yong Jeong Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University college of Medicine Clinical Trials Center Chungnam National University Hospital

AIM To prove that Tattooing using indocyanine green(ICG) is feasible in laparoscopic surgery for a colon tumor.METHODS From January 2012 to December 2016, all patients who underwent laparoscopic colonic surgery were retrospectively screened, and 1010 patients with colorectal neoplasms were included. Their lesions were Tattooed with ICG the day before the operation. The Tattooed group(TG) included 114 patients, and the non-Tattooed group(NTG) was selected by propensity score matching of subjects based on age, sex, tumor staging, and operation method(n = 228). In total, 342 patients were enrolled. Between the groups, the changes in [Delta(Δ), preoperative-postoperative] the hemoglobin and albumin levels, operation time, hospital stay, oral ingestion period, transfusion, and perioperative complications were compared. RESULTS Preoperative TG had a shorter operation time(174.76 ± 51.6 min vs 192.63 ± 59.9 min, P Tattooing with ICG is useful for laparoscopic colectomy, especially in the N0 colon cancer group and LAR.

关键词： Colorectal neoplasm Laparoscopic surgery Endoscopic Tattoo Indocyanine green Perioperative

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爱的Tattoo

优品 2008年第12期 78-78页

作者：佳庆

Gucci新推出的纯白心型Tattoo系列,当你拥有它的时候,便拥有了爱的印记,在寒风瑟瑟的冬季,让爱温暖自己,也温暖他人。2008年2月6日,Gucci在纽约成功为联合国儿童基金会筹得270万美元的大型筹款活动后。

关键词：纯白 Tattoo 广告活动 UNICEF 火红色销售期日至比克网纹医疗保健

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奇瑞T11定名天途（Tattoo）

汽车与驾驶维修（汽车版） 2005年第3期 9-9页

在广州车展上首度亮相的奇瑞T11已经定名为天途(Tattoo)，定于春节后上市．价格在13万元左右。根据厂方公布的数据，天途SUV车身长、宽，高的尺寸分别为4285mm，1765mm，1715mm．属于紧凑型SUV。天途分为两驱和四驱，有2.0L和2．4L两种... 详细信息

在广州车展上首度亮相的奇瑞T11已经定名为天途(Tattoo)，定于春节后上市．价格在13万元左右。根据厂方公布的数据，天途SUV车身长、宽，高的尺寸分别为4285mm，1765mm，1715mm．属于紧凑型SUV。天途分为两驱和四驱，有2.0L和2．4L两种排量选择。奇瑞公司将为天途SUV新建一套销售网络，目前网络招商工作已经展开．奇瑞公司希望在全国建立50家经销商。

关键词：奇瑞T11汽车天途汽车 Tattoo 汽车排量汽车尺寸技术性能

The Awakening Women in Tennessee Williams' s Plays

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海外英语 2015年第4期 205-206,208页

作者：马云飞 College of Humanities Tianjin Agricultural University

Tennessee Williams is a great American playwright. The heroines in the three plays experienced the changes of times.There are also some common threads that weave their way through these women's lives. They are different from the passive women characters in Williams' s early plays. The growth of women is an important part in the development of society. Through the research on the three plays, the causes, the procedure and the significance of their final awakening can be found.

关键词： Tennessee Williams women’s awakening The Rose Tattoo Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Orpheus Descending