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tam receptors:two pathways to regulate adult neurogenesis

Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第3期10卷 344-345页

作者： Kassandra Johnson Rui Ji Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Louisville School of Medicine

Introduction of neurogenesis： Neurogenesis is a process charac- terized by the production and differentiation of new neurons from neural stem cells （Emsley et al., 2005）. This was previously thought to occur in prenatal and early postnatal development only; how- ever, several studies have shown that it occurs continuously in our adult brains as well, mainly in the lateral ventricles of the brain, the lining of the subventricular zone （SVZ）, and the subgranular zone （SGZ） of the dentate gyrus （part of the hippocampal complex）. Neurogenesis may also be induced in the adult brain by injury or degeneration of the central nervous system （CNS）. In this instance, new neurons have been found in other parts of the brain, such as in the neocortex, amygdala, substantia nigra and tegmentum of the midrain, the brain stem and spinal cord （Wang and Jin, 2014）. There are numerous steps involved in differentiating neural stem cells into fully-grown neurons, starting with stem cell proliferation, then migration and survival, followed by commitment to neuronal lineage, and lastly the assimilation of the new neurons into existing brain circuits, ranging from up in the neocortex to down in the spinal cord. Neurogenesis is a dynamic process that is modulated by several factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, such as growth and transcriptional factors, cell surface receptors, signal transduction molecules, and cytokine or chemokines. In adult brains, physio- logical as well as pathological conditions can affect neurogenesis. Neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation can be inhibited by infection or invoked inflammation. The interruption of neurogenesis in adult brains leads to hippocampus-dependent learning and behavior impairment （Yan et al., 2007）.

关键词： tam receptors gene cell TLRs

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Relevance of placental type I interferon beta regulation for pregnancy success

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2018年第12期15卷 1010-1026页

作者： Ja-Young Kwon Paulomi Aldo Yuan You Jiahui Ding Karen Racicot Xiaoyan Dong John Murphy Guy Glukshtad Michelle Silasi Jian Peng Li Wen Vikki MAbrahams Roberto Romero Gil Mor Division of Reproductive Sciences Department of ObstetricsGynecology and Reproductive SciencesYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Women’s Life Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea Department of Obstetrics Gynecology&Reproductive BiologyCollege of Human MedicineMichigan State University400 Monroe Avenue NEGrand RapidsMI 49503USA Department of Pulmonary Shanghai Children’s HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina Division of Endocrinology Department of Internal MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA Perinatal Research Branch NICHD/NIHDetroitMIUSA

Pregnancy is a unique immunologic and microbial condition that requires an adequate level of awareness to provide a fast and protective response against pathogens as well as to maintain a state of tolerance to paternal *** of inflammatory pathways in the placenta triggered by pathogens is one of the main factors responsible for pregnancy *** I IFNs are key molecules modulating immune responses at the level of the placenta and are crucial for protection of the pregnancy via their antiviral and immune modulatory *** this study,we elucidate the mechanisms controlling the basal expression of IFNβand its negative *** in vitro and in vivo animal models,we found that TLR signaling maintains basal IFNβlevels through the TLR4-MyD88-independent TBK/IRF3 signaling *** describe the role of the tam receptor Axl in the regulation of IFNβfunction in human and mouse trophoblast *** absence of tam receptors in vivo is associated with fetal demise due to dysregulation of IFNβexpression and its pro-apoptotic downstream ***,our data describe a feedback signaling pathway controlling the expression and function of IFNβin the trophoblast that is essential for an effective response during viral and microbial infections.

关键词： trophoblast immune regulation cytokine tam receptors type I interferon Interferon beta ISGs

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