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Investigational growth factors utilized in animal models of spinal fusion: Systematic review

World Journal of Orthopedics 2019年第4期10卷 176-191页

作者： Ethan Cottrill A Karim Ahmed Noah Lessing Zachary Pennington Wataru Ishida Alexander Perdomo-Pantoja Sheng-fu Lo Elizabeth Howell Christina Holmes C Rory Goodwin Nicholas Theodore Daniel M Sciubba Timothy F Witham Department of Neurosurgery The Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Neurosurgery Duke University Medical Center

BACKGROUND Over 400000 Americans annually undergo spinal fusion surgeries, yet up to 40%of these procedures result in pseudoarthrosis even with iliac crest autograft, the current "gold standard" treatment. Tissue engineering has the potential to solve this problem via the creation of bone grafts involving bone-promoting growth factors(e.g., bone morphogenetic protein 2). A broad assessment of experimental growth factors is important to inform future work and clinical potential in this area. To date, however, no study has systematically reviewed the investigational growth factors utilized in preclinical animal models of spinal fusion.AIM To review all published studies assessing investigational growth factors for spinal fusion in animal models and identify promising agents for translation.METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Embase,Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases with searches run on May 29 th,2018. The search query was designed to include all non-human, preclinical animal models of spinal fusion reported in the literature without a timespan limit. Extracted data for each model included surgical approach, level of fusion,animal species and breed, animal age and sex, and any other relevant characteristics. The dosages/sizes of all implant materials, spinal fusion rates,and follow-up time points were recorded. The data were analyzed and the results reported in tables and text. PRISMA guidelines were followed for this systematic review.RESULTS Twenty-six articles were included in this study, comprising 14 experimental growth factors: AB204(n = 1); angiopoietin 1(n = 1); calcitonin(n = 3);erythropoietin(n = 1); basic fibroblast growth factor(n = 1); growth differentiation factor 5(n = 4), combined insulin-like growth factor 1 +transforming growth factor beta(n = 4); insulin(n = 1); NELL-1(n = 5); noggin(n= 1); P-15(n = 1); peptide B2 A(n = 2); and secreted phosphoprotein 24(n = 1).The fusion rates of the current gold standard treatment(autologous iliac crest bone graf

关键词： spinal fusion Growth factor Pseudoarthrosis Systematic review

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Reduction of GABA-and substance P-immunoreactivities in spinal dorsal horn by capsaicin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1996年第17期41卷 1472-1477页

作者：赵志奇魏锋杨焕乔 Shanghai Brain. Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China Shanghai Brain. Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons are densely located in laminae Ⅰ-Ⅱof the spinal cord where substance P (SP)-containing primary afferent C fibers terminate. By the antibody microprobe technique we found that capsaicin a chemical irritant selectively activating C fibers significantly produced the release of SP in lamina Ⅱ. The

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons are densely located in laminae Ⅰ—Ⅱ of the spinal cord where substance P (SP)-containing primary afferent C fibers terminate. By the antibody microprobe technique, we found that capsaicin, a chemical irritant selectively activating C fibers, significantly produced the release of SP in lamina Ⅱ.

关键词： γ-aminobutyric acid substance P capsaicin spinal dorsal horn C fiber.

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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial health and spinal cord injury

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世界骨科杂志：英文版 2016年第10期7卷 628-637页

作者： Laura C O'Brien Ashraf S Gorgey spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Service Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center Department of Physiology and Biophysics Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth University

Mitochondria are the main source of cellular energy production and are dynamic organelles that undergo biogenesis, remodeling, and degradation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in a number of disease states including acute and chronic central or peripheral nervous system injury by traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury(SCI), and neurodegenerative disease as well as in metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, type Ⅱ diabetes and obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is most commonly observed in high energy requiring tissues like the brain and skeletal muscle. In persons with chronic SCI, changes to skeletal muscle may include remarkable atrophy and conversion of muscle fiber type from oxidative to fast glycolytic, combined with increased infiltration of intramuscular adipose tissue. These changes contribute to a proinflammatory environment, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The loss of metabolically active muscle combined with inactivity predisposes individuals with SCI to type Ⅱ diabetes and obesity. The contribution of skeletal muscle mitochondrial density and electron transport chain activity to the development of the aforementioned comorbidities following SCI is unclear. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics is imperative to designing and testing effective treatments for this growing population. The current editorial will review ways to study mitochondrial function and the importance of improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in clinical populations with a special focus on chronic SCI.

关键词： Mitochondria spinal cord injuries Body composition Diabetes mellitus Obesity Metabolism

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Current and future medical therapeutic strategies for the functional repair of spinal cord injury

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2015年第1期6卷 42-55页

作者： Tevfik Y?lmaz Erkan Kaptano?lu Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of MedicineDicle University Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of MedicineNear East University

spinal cord injury(SCI) leads to social and psychological problems in patients and requires costly treatment and care. In recent years, various pharmacological agents have been tested for acute SCI. Large scale, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials have failed to demonstrate marked neurological benefit in contrast to their success in the laboratory. Today, the most important problem is ineffectiveness of nonsurgical treatment choices in human SCI that showed neuroprotective effectsin animal studies. Recently, attempted cellular therapy and transplantations are promising. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI started in the early 1980 s. Research had been looking at neuroprotection in the 1980 s and the first half of 1990 s and regeneration studies started in the second half of the 1990 s. A number of studies on surgical timing suggest that early surgical intervention is safe and feasible, can improve clinical and neurological outcomes and reduce health care costs, and minimize the secondary damage caused by compression of the spinal cord after trauma. This article reviews current evidence for early surgical decompression and nonsurgical treatment options, including pharmacological and cellular therapy, as the treatment choices for SCI.

关键词： spinal cord injury Treatment Pharmacological treatment Trauma Cellular treatment Management

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Somatic/visceral sensory neurons in the spinal cord and synaptic/junctional activity in the spinal ganglion

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第1期43卷 1-7页

作者： Lv Guowei Department of Neurobiology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China Department of Neurobiology Capital University of Medical Sciences Beijing China

Somato_visceral interaction or acupoint_visceral interaction is an important subject that greatly concerns scholars of both Chinese traditional and Western modern medicine. The role of our newly discovered spinal projection neurons and type A or C spinal ganglion neurons in convergence and integration of somato_visceral sensation is introduced. The possible challenge brought about by these related results onto some traditional concepts in neuroscience is also discussed.

关键词： spinal projection neurons spinal ganglion neurons somato_visceral sensory convergence somato_visceral sensory integration somato_visceral interaction acupoint_visceral interaction.

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Crystalloid and colloid preload for maintaining cardiac output in elderly patients undergoing total hip replacement under spinal anesthesia

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The Journal of Biomedical Research 2011年第3期25卷 185-190页

作者： Rufeng Xie Lizhong Wang Hongguang Bao Department of Anesthesiology Nanjing First Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu 210006 China Department of Anesthesiology Jiaxing Maternity and Child Care Hospital Jiaxing Zhejiang 314000 China

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of colloid and crystalloid preload on cardiac output （CO） and incidence of hypotension in elderly patients under spinal anesthesia （SA）. A randomized, double-blinded study was conducted including 47 elderly patients undergoing scheduled total hip replacement （THR）, who were randomized to three groups： the control group （C group, n = 15）, crystalloid （RS group, n =16） and colloid group （HES group, n = 16）. An intravenous preload of 8 mL/kg of either lactated Ringer’s solution in the RS group or 6% hydroxyethyl starch in the HES group was infused within 20 min before SA induction, while no intravenous preload was given in the C group. There was a trend of decrease in CO and systolic blood pressure after SA with time in the C group. In the RS and HES groups, CO increased significantly after fluid preloading as compared with baseline （P 0.01）. Thereafter, CO remained higher than baseline until 30 min after SA in the HES group. The change of systolic blood pressure was similar to CO, but no significant difference from baseline was observed in each group. Hypotension occurred in 3 patients in the C group and one each in the RS and HES group, respec-tively （P = 0.362）. Intravascular volume preload with colloid is more effective than crystalloid solution in main-taining CO, which may be improved the hemodynamic stability in elderly patients during SA.

关键词： anesthesia spinal cardiac output aged arthroplasty replacement hip

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Prevalence of spinal and Bony Structural Disorders in Saudi Adult Using MRI in Different Genders

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Open Journal of Medical Imaging 2022年第3期12卷 131-137页

作者： Hanan Elnour Department of Radiological Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging is the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of spinal cord and spinal column disorder. Aims: to assess the prevalence of bony structure and spinal disorders in the Saudi population and to find a correlation between patient age and gender. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using magnetic resonance imaging in Al-Taif city from November 2020 to February 2021 at King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital and King Faisal Hospital in Taif City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to assess the prevalence of bony structure and spinal disorders in the Saudi population. The data was collected after gaining ethical approval from the directorate of health affairs in Taif’s administration of research and studies, and then analyzed using SPSS version 25 to determine the frequency and percentage of disorder. To check if there was a significant difference between the two groups, the Pearson’s chi square test was utilized. Results: One hundred young adults underwent MR examination of the spine. The results show that the most common age group affected by spinal disorders is over 50 years (53%), the most common bony structural spinal disorders are straightening 59%, followed by lordosis (20%), and the most common disc disorders are disc bulges (15%), and the most common degenerative changes are spondylo-degenerative changes (21%), and there is no significant correlation between genders and MRI findings (p-value). Conclusion: The study found that straightening is the most prevalent MRI-diagnosed spine disorder, followed by degenerative illnesses and that there is no significant association between gender and the type of MRI-diagnosed spinal disorders.

关键词： MRI spinal Disorders Gender

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Effects of cholecystokinin in spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalisneurons in vitro

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1996年第21期41卷 1827-1830页

作者：段树民李红胜赵志奇 Shanghai Brain Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China

Cholecystokinin(CCK),an intestinal hormone causing gall bladder to contract andempty,is present abundantly in the brain,which has proved to be involved in transmissionand modulation of various functional activities including the processing of pain. It has been proved that the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis(cNTST)in the medulla oblongata,known as the oral extension of substantia gelatinosa

关键词： spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis brain slice cholecystokinin intracellular recording.

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Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and fibertracking diffusion tensor tractography in the management of spinal astrocytomas

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2016年第1期4卷 1-4页

作者： Alessandro Landi Valeria Palmarini Alessandro D'Elia Nicola Marotta Maurizio Salvati Antonio Santoro Roberto Delfini Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Division of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Rome "Sapienza"

Some specially imaging of magnetic resonance imaging,the diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI),the diffusion tensor imaging and fractional anisotropy(FA),are useful to described,detect,and map the extent of spinal cord lesions.FA measurements may are used to predicting the outcome of patients who have spinal cord lesions.Fiber tracking enable to visualizing the integrity of white matter tracts surrounding some lesions,and this information could be used to formulating a differential diagnosis and planning biopsies or resection.In this article,we will describe the current uses for DWI and fiber tracking and speculate on others in which we believe these techniques will be useful in the future.

关键词： Fiber tracking diffusion tensor imaging Surgery Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging Intramedullary astrocytomas spinal cord tumors Radiology

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Progress in Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring for the Surgical Treatment of Thoracic spinal Stenosis

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Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 2017年第4期32卷 260-264页

作者： Yongsheng Liu Yu Zhao Department of Orthopedics Peking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100730 China

Thoracic spinal stenosis (TSS) is a group of clinical syndromes caused by thoracic spinal cord compression, which always results in severe clinical complications. The incidence of TSS is relatively low compared with lumbar spinal stenosis, while the incidence of spinal cord injury during thoracic decompression is relatively high. The reported incidence of neurological deficits after thoracic decompression reached 13.9%.Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) can timely provide information regarding the function status of the spinal cord, and help surgeons with appropriate performance during operation. This article illustrates the theoretical basis of applying IONM in thoracic decompression surgery, and elaborates on the relationship between signal changes in IONM and postoperative neurological function recovery of the spinal cord. It also introduces updated information in multimodality IONM, the factors influencing evoked potentials,and remedial measures to improve the prognosis.

关键词： thoracic spinal stenosis intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring motor evoked potentials somatosensory evoked potentials prognosis

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