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On the Adaptability Range, self-selection, and Economic Nature of Biological Evolution

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Natural Science 2024年第10期16卷 202-219页

作者： Hong Sheng Unirule Institute of Economics Beijing China

This article employs a combined approach of biology and economics to reveal that biological evolution has an economic nature, evolving towards improved energy efficiency. The orthodox Darwinian theory of evolution describes evolution as the random variation of organisms and their survival through natural selection. In fact, the natural environment itself is a constantly changing context, and the strategy to adapt to this change is to enhance behavioral capabilities, thereby expanding the range and dimensions of behavior. Therefore, the improvement of behavioral capabilities is an important aspect of evolution. The enhancement of behavioral capabilities expands the range of adaptation to the natural environment and increases the space for behavioral choices. Within this space of behavioral choices, some options are more effective and superior to others;thus, the ability to select is necessary to make the improved behavioral capabilities more beneficial to the organism itself. The birth and development of the brain serve the purpose of selection. By using the brain to make selections, at least the “better” behavior will be chosen between two alternatives. Once the better behavior yields better results, and the organism can associate these results with the corresponding behavior, it will persist in this behavior. The persistent repetition of a behavior over generations will form a habit. Habits passed down through generations constitute a new environment, causing the organism’s genes to activate or deactivate certain functions, ultimately leading to genetic changes that are beneficial to that habit. Since the brain’s selection represents the organism’s self-selection, it differs from random variation;it is also a rational selection, choosing behaviors that either obtain more energy or reduce energy consumption. Thus, this evolution possesses an economic nature.

关键词： Evolution Economics Upgraded Variation Behavioral Capabilities Adaptability Range self-selection

Pay-based Screening Mechanism: Personnel selection in the View of Economics Theory

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Journal of Donghua University(English Edition) 2003年第4期20卷 91-97页

作者：刘帮成唐宁玉 Aetna School of Management Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 Aetna School of Management Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030ased on economic theories the paper studies the personnel selection at the asymmetric job market using signaling and screening model. The authors hold the opinion that an organization can screen the candidates' signaling based on the self-selection principle by providing an appropriate compensation choice. A pay-based screening mechanism is proposed to help the organization drive away the nonqualified applicants and retain the excellent applicants.

Based on economic theories, the paper studies the personnel selection at the asymmetric job market using signaling and screening model. The authors hold the opinion that an organization can screen the candidates' signaling based on the self-selection principle by providing an appropriate compensation choice. A pay-based screening mechanism is proposed to help the organization drive away the nonqualified applicants and retain the excellent applicants.

关键词： signaling signaling distortion pay-based screening mechanism self-selection

Differences in transportation and leisure physical activity by neighborhood design controlling for residential choice

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2019年第6期8卷 532-539页

作者： Gavin R.McCormack Mohammad Javad Koohsari Koichiro Oka Christine M.Friedenreich Anita Blackstaffe Francisco Uribe Alaniz Brenlea Farkas Cumming School of Medicine University of CalgaryAlbertaT2N 4Z6Canada School of Architecture Planning and LandscapeUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaT2N4N1Canada Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda UniversityTokyo169-8050Japan Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVIC3004Australia Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaT2S 3C3Canada

Background:Cross-sectional studies provide useful insight about the associations between the built environment and physical activity(PA),particularly when reasons for neighborhood choice are *** study analyzed the relationship between levels of weekly transportation and leisure PA among 3 neighborhood designs,statistically adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for neighborhood ***:A stratified random sample of adults(age>20 years)living in Calgary(Canada)neighborhoods with different neighborhood designs(grid,warped-grid,and curvilinear)and socioeconomic status completed a self-administered questionnaire capturing PA,sociodemographic characteristics,and reasons for neighborhood choice(response rate=10.1%;n=1023).Generalized linear models estimated associations between neighborhood design and transportation and leisure PA outcomes(participation(any ***)and volume(metabolic equivalent:h/week)),adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status,sociodemographic characteristics(gender,age,ethnicity,education,household income,marital status,children,vehicle access,dog ownership,and injury),and reasons for neighborhood choice(e.g.,proximity and quality of recreational and utilitarian destinations,proximity to work,highway access,aesthetics,and sense of community).Results:Overall,854 participants had resided in their neighborhood for at least 12 months and provided complete *** with those living in curvilinear neighborhoods,grid neighborhood participants had greater odds(pselection had minimal impact on the statistical or practical importance of model estimates.C

关键词： Active transportation Built environment self-selection Urban design Walkability

Productivity and Export Performance: Micro-Level Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2019年第3期14卷 428-460页

作者： Kanang Amos Akims Dianah Mukwate Ngui Department of Economics University of JosJos 930001Nigeria School of Economies Kenyatta UniversityNairobiKenya

This paper investigates how productivity influences firms' *** finn characteristics are employed to test the self-selection hypothesis alongside the effects of firms' productivity on their share of exports in total *** a pseudo-panel data set constructed from the firm-level data for the manufacturing sector in Nigeria,we find no evidence that higher productivity influences the decision on whether or not a firm would participate in ***,it is established that higher productivity increases the share of exports in total sales of firms that are already participating in foreign markets.A policy implication of our result is that Nigeria can realize a larger share of manufactured exports in total merchandise exports by directing efforts towards improving primarily the productivity of firms that are already involved in exports.

关键词： productivity self-selection export performance manufacturing sector

The Human Capital Return and Social Integration of Migrants in China

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China Economist 2013年第2期8卷 80-91页

作者：谢桂华 Department of Sociology Renmin University of China Beo'ing China

From the perspective of migrants ＇self-selection and skill transferability theories, this paper compares human capital return rates of different migrant groups in urban China and discuss the possibility of economic status identified by migrants as local labors. Results suggest that positive self-selection works for all types of migrant labors. Migrant workers with non-agricultural household registration or feinong hukou have no trouble to be integrated into the labor market of destination. They even have higher income and human capital return rates than local urban workers. Newly-arrived migrant peasants earn less than local labors. However, after a certain period, the skilled migrant workers catch up with local labors and are economically integrated into the local labor market while the low-skilled migrant group still earns less. Therefore the integration of migrant labors in urban labor market is yet a kind of segregated integration.

关键词： migrant labor self-selection skill transfer rate income difference

Determinants of Wages and Labour Supply in the UK

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Chinese Business Review 2017年第3期16卷 126-140页

作者： KeshabBhattarai UniversityofHull HullUK

We explore characteristics of the UK labour market with special emphasis on explanation of the existing wage inequalities, determinants of participation, and variation in the magnitude of hours of labour supplied among individuals. We explain up to 92 percent of variance in the wage rates from the supply side. Accuracy of the model is accounted by a variety of factors relevant to the labour market such as gender gaps, marital status, on and off the job training, fluency in English, and regional characteristics. The study is quite distinct, since it not only incorporates variables pertinent from the economic point of view, but also some quantified qualitative regressors relating to individuals’ opinions and political preferences. Interestingly, we find that the psychological profile of an individual has a very big influence over his decision on whether to participate, but once he joined the labour force his personal beliefs and opinions have no further impact on the probability of finding a job. The chance of being employed once participating depends mainly on the local labour market conditions. We also report unbiased and reliable estimate of labour supply elasticity based on British Household Panel Survey （BHPS） sample.

关键词： labour supply determinants of wage participation self-selection probabilistic models