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Who Lost Most Wages and Household Income during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poor rural china?

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china & World Economy 2021年第6期29卷 95-116页

作者： Wenjin Long Junxia Zeng Tongquan Sun College of Economics and Management China Agricultural UniversityChina Institute of rural Development Chinese Academy of Social SciencesChina

china managed to eliminate all extreme poverty in rural areas in *** households,however,may risk falling back into poverty due to the *** paper examines the impacts of the pandemic on wages and household incomes among different groups in poor areas of rural *** a unique dataset from five poverty-stricken counties,we found that the pandemic has had large negative effects on wage income for migrant workers and workers in manufacturing,the private sector,and small *** with households relying on wage income,households relying on small businesses have suffered much more from the pandemic,whereas households depending on farming or transfer payments have been less *** poor and ethnic minority households lost significant amounts of wage income due to the pandemic,they did not lose more household income than nonpoor and nonminority *** conclude that support from the government has kept vulnerable households from suffering more than other households from the effects of *** findings suggest that the government can play a strong role in alleviating the negative impacts of the COVID-19.

关键词： COVID-19 household income poverty rural china wage

Effect of Migration on Children's Self-esteem in rural china

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china & World Economy 2014年第4期22卷 83-101页

作者： Xuefeng Zhan Shaoping Li Chengfang Liu Linxiu Zhang Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences

china＇s rapid economic growth has been facilitated by its large volume of rural to urban migration. china ＇s projected future development, especially increasing urbanization, implies that such migration will further intensify. However, migration does not come without cost. There are concerns about the potential negative impacts of migration on children＇s care, education, and, in particular, the self-esteem of children left behind in villages where one or both parents have out-migrated to cities. In this paper, we employ unique survey data collected from Shaanxi Province, where more than 4700 ninth grade students from 36 rural junior high schools in five counties were surveyed in late 2011. The results show that having both parents migrate into cities significantly reduced children ＂s self-esteem. The effects are also gender sensitive. Girls that had a father or both parents who had out-migrated were inclined to have lower self-esteem than boys. Moreover, our study findings indicate that parental migration decreased children ＂s self-esteem more for individuals with initial low self-esteem.

关键词： Key words: children left-behind migration rural china self-esteem

Village Elections,Accountability and Income Distribution in rural china

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china & World Economy 2006年第6期14卷 20-38页

作者： Yang Yao china Center for Economic Research Beijing University Beijing China

china has experimented with village elections for nearly 20 years. Using village and household survey data collected from 48 villages of 8 Chinese provinces for the period 1986-2002, this paper studies how the introduction of elections affects village governance and income distribution in Chinese villages. The econometric analysis finds the following outcomes. First, village elections have increased the share of public expenditure and reduced the share of administrative expenditure in the village budget, so the accountability of the elected village committee has been enhanced. Second, elections have not led to more income redistribution; instead, they have reduced the progressiveness of income redistribution. Third, elections have reduced income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient in villages. The reduction is equivalent to 5.7 percent of the sample average, or 32 percent of the growth of the Gini coefficient in the period of 1987-2002. Because village elections have not led to more income redistribution, this positive effect must have come from more public investment, which benefits the poor more than wealthier people. The general conclusion that we draw from our results is that, despite institutional constraints, village elections have improved village governance and the life of villagers.

关键词： rural china income distribution village governance

To Board or Not to Board： Evidence from Nutrition, Health and Education Outcomes of Students in rural china

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china & World Economy 2016年第3期24卷 52-66页

作者： Aiqin Wang Alexis Medina Renfu Luo Yaojiang Shi Ai Yue PhD candidate School of Economics and Management Northwest University China Research Fellow Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University USA Associate Professor School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Peking University China Professor Center for Experimental Economics in Education Shaanxi Normal University China Associate Professor Center for Experimental Economics in Education Shaanxi Normal University China

The debate over whether boarding school is beneficial for students still exists in both developing and developed countries. In rural china, as a result of a national school merger program that began in 2001, the number of boarding students has increased dramatically. Little research has been done, however, to measure how boarding status may be correlated with nutrition, health and educational outcomes. In this paper, we compare the outcomes of boarding to those of non-boarding students using a large, aggregate dataset that includes 59 rural counties across five provinces in china. We find that for all outcomes boarding students perform worse than non-boarding students. Despite these differences, the absolute levels of all outcomes are low for both boarding and non-boarding students, indicating a need for new policies that will target all rural students regardless of their boarding status.

关键词： boarding students education health nutrition rural china

Educational Expectations and Dropout Behavior among Junior High Students in rural china

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china & World Economy 2016年第3期24卷 67-85页

作者： Fang Chang Wenbin Min Yaojiang Shi Kaleigh Kenny Prashant Loyalka Assistant Professor Center for Experimental Economics in Education Shaanxi Normal University China. Master's Candidate Center for Experimental Economics in Education Shaanxi Normal University China. Professor Center for Experimental Economics in Education Shaanxi Normal University China. Research Assistant Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University USA. Associate Professor Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University USA.

The high level of dropout from junior high school is one of the most serious challenges facing the human capital development of the next generation of workers in china ＂s rural areas. The goal of this paper is to assess to what extent the educational expectations of students are correlated with dropout behavior at the junior high school level in china. Using panel data, this research finds that the cumulative dropout rate is high among grade 7 and 8 students within our sample （as high as 19.5 percent, which implies a 3-year dropout rate of around 25 pereenO. Importantly, we find that this high rate of dropout is significantly correlated with students＂ educational expectations. Specifically, students who reported their expected level of education is ＂less than high school＂ or ＂less than college＂ are five times and four times more likely to drop out during junior high school than their peers, respectively.

关键词： dropout educational expectations junior high school rural china

Impact of a Senior High School Tuition Relief Program on Poor Junior High School Students in rural china

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china & World Economy 2013年第3期21卷 80-97页

作者： Xinxin Chen Yaojiang Shi Di Mo James Chu Prashant Loyalka Scott Rozelle School of Economics Zhejiang Gongshang University Northwest Social Economic Research Center Northwest University LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University

A significant gap remains between rural and urban students in the rate of admission to senior high school. One reason for this gap might be the high levels of tuition and fees for senior high school By reducing students＇ expectations of attending high school, high levels of tuition and fees could be reducing student aeademic performance in junior high schools. In this paper we evaluate the impacts of a senior high tuition relief program on the test scores of poor rural seventh grade students in china. We surveyed three counties in Shaanxi Province and exploited the fact that, while the counties are adjacent to one another and share similar characteristics, only one of the three implemented a tuition relief program. Using several alternative estimation strategies, including difference-in-differences, propensity score matching and difference-in-differences matching, we find that the tuition program has a statistically significant and positive impact on the mathematics scores of seventh grade students. More importantly, this program is shown to have a statistically significant and positive effect on the poorest students in the treatment group compared to their wealthier peers.

关键词： education program evaluation rural china tuition relief program

Returns to education in rural china

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Frontiers of Education in china 2007年第1期2卷 30-47页

作者： ZHAO Litao East Asian Institute National University of SingaporeSingapore 117571Singapore

Based on one of the most widely used datasets by foreign-based sociologists,this paper examines the rate of returns to education in rural *** with the previous studies that showed rather low rates in rural areas throughout the 1980s,this study finds a considerably higher rate in 1996.A chief contributor is the rapid non-agricultural development,which creates enormous upward mobility opportunities,particularly for the more *** to the uneven economic development nationwide,the rate of returns to education varies widely across *** areas with less developed non-agricultural sectors,it remains *** contrast,where off-farm employment is widespread,it is much *** addition,the labor market is functioning to allocate the more educated to better-paid jobs,but has yet to produce higher returns to education in non-agricultural sectors than in the agricultural ***,changes may be occurring in coastal regions.

关键词： returns to education economic development market transition rural china off-farm employment

Gender and Off-farm Employment： Evidence from rural china

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china & World Economy 2016年第3期24卷 18-36页

作者： Xiaobing Wang Linghui Han Jikun Huang Linxiu Zhang Scott Rozelle Associate Professor School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Peking University China. Researcher Research Institute of Fiscal Science Ministry of Finance and the National Institute for Fiscal Studies Tsinghua University China Professor School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Peking University China Professor Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences China Professor Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University USA

The goal of the present paper is to examine how the expansion of the economy from 2000 has affected rural off-farm labor market participation. Specifically, we seek to determine whether off-farm labor increased after 2000, what forms of employment are driving trends in off-farm labor and whether gender differences can be observed in off- farm employment trends. Using a nationally representative dataset that consist of two waves of surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, this paper finds that off- farm labor market participation continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there is a clear difference in the trends associated with occupational choice before and after 2000. In addition, we find that rural oy^farm employment trends are diffbrent for men and women. Our analysis also shows that the rise of wage-earning employment corresponds with an increasing unskilled wage for both men and women.

关键词： gender rural china self-employment wages

Poverty Reduction and Effects of Pro-poor Policies in rural china

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china & World Economy 2014年第2期22卷 22-41页

作者： Shi Li School of Economics and Business Beijing Normal University

The present paper describes changes in poverty reduction in recent decades and the effects of income growth and inequality on poverty reduction in rural china. The paper also examines the main poverty alleviation policies implemented in rural areas over the past l 0 years and assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of these policies from the perspective of targeting accuracy. It is found that china has achieved significant progress in rural poverty reduction in recent decades, although the speed of poverty reduction has varied from one period to another. The largest contribution to rural poverty reduction has been economic growth, which has been increasingly offset by the inequality effect on poverty reduction. In addition, poverty alIeviation policies are effective, but not efficient.

关键词： growth inequality poverty reduction rural china