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Shortening the delivery time of proton therapy by real-time compensation method with raster scanning

Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第6期33卷 62-74页

作者： Xiang-Shang Sun Yong-Jiang Li Jun-Ya Liu Wen-Tao Liao Chao Wu Yue-Hu Pu Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shanghai APACTRON Particle Equipment Co. LtdShanghai 201800China Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201210China Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China

Among the various scanning techniques, spot and raster scanning are the most frequently adopted. Raster scanning turns off the beam only when each isoenergy slice irradiation is completed. This feature intrinsically solves the leakage dose and frequent beam-switching problems encountered during spot scanning. However, to shorten the delivery time of raster scanning, a sophisticated dose control strategy is required to guarantee dose distribution.In this study, a real-time compensation method with raster scanning for synchrotron systems was designed. It is characterized by a small spot-spacing planning strategy and real-time subtraction of the transient number of particles delivered between two planning-spot positions from the planned number of particles of the subsequent raster point.The efficacy of the compensation method was demonstrated by performing accurate raster scanning simulations with an in-house simulation code and accurate final dose evaluations with a commercial treatment planning system.Given the similar dose evaluation criteria under a practical high scanning speed, compared with the spot scanning method, the total delivery time of the compensated raster scanning method was significantly shortened by 53.3% in the case of irradiating a cubical target and by 28.8% in a pelvic case. Therefore, it can be concluded that real-time compensated raster scanning with a fast scanning configuration can significantly shorten the delivery time compared to that of spot scanning. It is important to reduce the pressure on patients caused by prolonged immobilization and to improve patient throughput capacity at particle therapy centers.

关键词： proton therapy Raster scanning Delivery time Scanning simulation

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Static superconducting gantry‑based proton CT combined with X‑ray CT as prior image for FLASH proton therapy

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第1期34卷 125-135页

作者： Yu‑Qing Yang Wen‑Cheng Fang Xiao‑Xia Huang Jian‑Hao Tan Cheng Wang Chao‑Peng Wang Zhen‑Tang Zhao Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 201210China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201204China

proton FLASH therapy with an ultra-high dose rate is in urgent need of more accurate treatment plan system(TPS)to promote the development of proton computed tomography(CT)without intrinsic error compared with the transformation from X-ray CT.This paper presents an imaging mode of proton CT based on static superconducting gantry different from the conventional rotational gantry.The beam energy for proton CT is fixed at 350 MeV,which is boosted by a compact proton linac from 230 MeV,and then delivered by the gantry to scan the patient’s body for proton imaging.This study demonstrates that the static superconducting gantry-based proton CT is effective in clinical applications.In particular,the imaging mode,which combines the relative stopping power(RSP)map from X-ray CT as prior knowledge,can produce much a higher accuracy RSP map for TPSs and positioning and achieve ultra-fast image for real-time image-guided radiotherapy.This paper presents the conceptual design of a boosting linac,static superconducting gantry and proton CT imaging equipment.The feasibility of energy enhancement is verified by simulation,and results from Geant4 simulations and reconstruction algorithms are presented,including the simulation verification of the advantage of the imaging mode.

关键词： proton therapy proton CT FLASH treatment Real-time image-guided radiotherapy

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Design of a rapid-cycling synchrotron for flash proton therapy

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第10期34卷 1-11页

作者： Ying Shi Man-Zhou Zhang Lian-Hua Ou-Yang Zhi-Ling Chen Xiu-Fang Li De-Ming Li Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201210China

The purpose of this study was to design a rapid-cycling synchrotron, making it capable of proton beam ultrahigh dose rate irradiation, inspired by laser accelerators. The design had to be cheap and simple. We consider our design from six aspects: the lattice, injection, extraction, space charge effects, eddy current effects and energy switching. Efficiency and particle quantity must be addressed when injected. The space charge effects at the injection could affect particles' number. The eddy current effects in the vacuum chambers would affect the magnetic field itself and generate heat, all of which need to be taken into account. Fast extraction can obtain 10^(10) protons/pulse, equal to instantaneous dose rate up to 10~7 Gy/s in a very short time, while changing various extraction energies rapidly and easily to various deposition depths. In the further research, we expect to combine a delivery system with this accelerator to realize the FLASH irradiation.

关键词： FLASH Rapid-cycling synchrotron proton therapy

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SAPT:a synchrotron-based proton therapy facility in Shanghai

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第10期34卷 36-46页

作者： Man-Zhou Zhang De-Ming Li Li-Ren Shen Hai-Rong Zhang Zhi-Ling Chen Han-Wen Du Ming Gu Rui Li De-Kang Liu Yue-Hu Pu Jun-Feng Yu Jian-Feng Chen Chu Chen Chun-Long Guo Hao Guo Ge-Yang Jiang Zhi-Qiang Jiang Lin Jin Wen-Jing Li Xiu-Fang Li Ye Lin Ming Liu Yong-Hao Liu Ya-Juan Liu Ming Lv Qing-Ru Mi Lian-Hua Ouyang Wei-Guo Shi Hang Shu Qi-Sheng Tang Kun Wang Zhi-Shan Wang Jun Wu Xiao-Bing Wu Jia-Qiang Xu Wen-Zhen Xu Chong-Xian Yin Cheng Yu Ren-Xian Yuan Qi-Bing Yuan Hai-Qun Zhang Miao Zhang Wen-Zhi Zhang Li-Ying Zhao Wei-Min Zhou Shou-Xian Fang Xi-Dong Sun Zhen-Tang Zhao Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201204China APACTRON Particle Equipment Co. Ltd.Shanghai 201815China The Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Because of its excellent dose distribution,proton therapy is becoming increasingly popular in the medical application of cancer treatment.A synchrotron-based proton therapy facility was designed and constructed in Shanghai.The synchrotron,beam delivery system,and other technical systems were commissioned and reached their expected performances.After a clinical trial of 47 patients was finished,the proton therapy facility obtained a registration certificate from the National Medical Products Administration.The characteristics of the accelerator and treatment systems are described in this article.

关键词： proton therapy Synchrotron Slow extraction Gantry Beam delivery system

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Design and development of the beamline for a proton therapy system

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2021年第12期32卷 53-63页

作者： Bin Qin Xu Liu Qu-Shan Chen Dong Li Wen-Jie Han Ping Tan Zhong-Qi Zhang Chong Zhou Ao-Te Chen Yi-Cheng Liao Wei Wang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074HubeiChina

A proton therapy(PT)facility with multiple treatment rooms based on the superconducting cyclotron scheme is under development at Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST).This paper attempts to describe the design considerations and implementation of the PT beamline from a systematic viewpoint.Design considerations covering beam optics and the influence of high-order aberrations,beam energy/intensity modulation,and beam orbit correction are described.In addition to the technical implementation of the main beamline components and subsystems,including the energy degrader,fast kicker,beamline magnets,beam diagnostic system,and beamline control system are introduced.

关键词： proton therapy Beamline Beam optics Beam energy/intensity modulation

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proton linac-based therapy facility for ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) treatment

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2021年第4期32卷 1-9页

作者： Wen-Cheng Fang Xiao-Xia Huang Jian-Hao Tan Chao-Peng Wang Cheng-Cheng Xiao Yi-Xing Lu Yu Zhang Yu-Qing Yang Yi-Ming Xu Han-Yu Gong Jun-Qiang Zhang Shao-Peng Zhong Zhen-Tang Zhao Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201204China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shanghai APACTRON Particle Equipment Company Limited Shanghai 201800China Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China

As an advanced treatment method in the past five years,ultra-high dose rate(FLASH)radiotherapy as a breakthrough and milestone in radiotherapy development has been verified to be much less harmful to healthy tissues in different experiments.FLASH treatments require an instantaneous dose rate as high as hundreds of grays per second to complete the treatment in less than 100 ms.Current proton therapy facilities with the spread-out of the Bragg peak formed by different energy layers,to our knowledge,cannot easily achieve an adequate dose rate for FLASH treatments because the energy layer switch or gantry rotation of current facilities requires a few seconds,which is relatively long.A new design for a therapy facility based on a proton linear accelerator(linac)for FLASH treatment is proposed herein.It is designed under two criteria:no mechanical motion and no magnetic field variation.The new therapy facility can achieve an ultrahigh dose rate of up to 300 Gy/s;however,it delivers an instantaneous dose of 30 Gy within 100 ms to complete a typical FLASH treatment.The design includes a compact proton linac with permanent magnets,a fast beam kicker in both azimuth and elevation angles,a fixed gantry with a static superconducting coil to steer proton bunches with all energy,a fast beam scanner using radio-frequency(RF)deflectors,and a fast low-level RF system.All relevant principles and conceptual proposals are presented herein.

关键词： proton therapy FLASH proton linac Deflector Superconducting coil Fast scanner

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New frontiers in proton therapy:applications in cancers

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Cancer Communications 2019年第1期39卷 557-563页

作者： Tai-Ze Yuan Ze-Jiang Zhan Chao-Nan Qian Department of Radiation Oncology Guangzhou Concord Cancer CenterGuangzhou 510045GuangdongP.R.China Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510095GuangdongP.R.China

proton therapy offers dominant advantages over photon therapy due to the unique depth-dose characteristics of proton,which can cause a dramatic reduction in normal tissue doses both distal and proximal to the tumor target volume.In turn,this feature may allow dose escalation to the tumor target volume while sparing the tumor-neighboring susceptible organs at risk,which has the potential to reduce treatment toxicity and improve local control rate,quality of life and survival.Some dosimetric studies in various cancers have demonstrated the advantages over photon therapy in dose distributions.Further,it has been observed that proton therapy confers to substantial clinical advantage over photon therapy in head and neck,breast,hepatocellular,and non-small cell lung cancers.As such,proton therapy is regarded as the standard modality of radiotherapy in many pediatric cancers from the technical point of view.However,due to the limited clinical evidence,there have been concerns about the high cost of proton therapy from an economic point of view.Considering the treatment expenses for late radiation-induced toxicities,cost-effective analysis in many studies have shown that proton therapy is the most cost-effective option for brain,head and neck and selected breast cancers.Additional studies are warranted to better unveil the cost-effective values of proton therapy and to develop newer ways for better protection of normal tissues.This review aims at reviewing the recent studies on proton therapy to explore its benefits and cost-effectiveness in cancers.We strongly believe that proton therapy will be a common radiotherapy modality for most types of solid cancers in the future.

关键词： proton therapy Radiation therapy Intensity-modulated Systematic review Cancer

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Collection efficiency of a monitor parallel plate ionization chamber for pencil beam scanning proton therapy

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2020年第2期31卷 1-10页

作者： Rong-Cheng Han Yong-Jiang Li Yue-Hu Pu Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shanghai APACTRON Particle Equipment Co.Ltd Shanghai 201800China Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201210China

The collection efficiency of monitor parallel plate ionization chambers is the main uncertainty in the beam control of pencil beam scanning systems.Existing calculation methods for collection efficiency in photon or passive scattering proton systems have not considered the characteristics of non-uniform charge density in pencil beam scanning systems.In this study,Boag’s theory was applied to a proton pencil beam scanning system.The transverse distribution of charge density in the ionization chamber was considered to be a Gaussian function and an analytical solution was derived to calculate collection efficiency in the beam spot area.This calculation method is called the integral method and it was used to investigate the effects of beam parameters on collection efficiency.It was determined that collection efficiency is positively correlated with applied voltage,beam size,and beam energy,but negatively correlated with beam current intensity.Additionally,it was confirmed that collection efficiency is improved when the air filling the monitor parallel plate ionization chamber is replaced with nitrogen.

关键词： Collection efficiency Monitor ionization chamber Pencil beam scanning proton therapy

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Physical design of scanning gantry for proton therapy facility

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Chinese Physics C 2010年第3期34卷 394-397页

作者：焦毅关遐令 SATOGATA Todd 方守贤韦杰唐靖宇陈沅邱静舒航 Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Brookhaven National Laboratory Tsinghua University

A proton therapy facility based on a linac injector and a slow cycling synchrotron is proposed. To achieve effective treatment of cancer, a scanning gantry is required. The flexible transmission of beam and high beam position accuracy are the most basic requirements for a gantry. The designed gantry optics and scanning system are presented. Great efforts are put into studying the sensitivity of the beam position in the isocenter to the element misalignments. It shows that quadrupole shift makes the largest contribution and special attention should be paid to it.

关键词： proton therapy gantry optics scanning system

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A new imaging mode based on X-ray CT as prior image and sparsely sampled projections for rapid clinical proton CT

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第8期34卷 64-74页

作者： Yu-Qing Yang Wen-Cheng Fang Xiao-Xia Huang Qiang Du Ming Li Jian Zheng Zhen-Tang Zhao Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 201210China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201204China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Superconducting RF Technology ShanghaiChina Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences SuzhouChina

proton computed tomography(CT)has a distinct practical significance in clinical applications.It eliminates 3–5%errors caused by the transformation of Hounsfield unit(HU)to relative stopping power(RSP)values when using X-ray CT for positioning and treatment planning systems(TPSs).Following the development of FLASH proton therapy,there are increased requirements for accurate and rapid positioning in TPSs.Thus,a new rapid proton CT imaging mode is proposed based on sparsely sampled projections.The proton beam was boosted to 350 MeV by a compact proton linear accelerator(LINAC).In this study,the comparisons of the proton scattering with the energy of 350 MeV and 230 MeV are conducted based on GEANT4 simulations.As the sparsely sampled information associated with beam acquisitions at 12 angles is not enough for reconstruction,X-ray CT is used as a prior image.The RSP map generated by converting the X-ray CT was constructed based on Monte Carlo simulations.Considering the estimation of the most likely path(MLP),the prior image-constrained compressed sensing(PICCS)algorithm is used to reconstruct images from two different phantoms using sparse proton projections of 350 MeV parallel proton beam.The results show that it is feasible to realize the proton image reconstruction with the rapid proton CT imaging proposed in this paper.It can produce RSP maps with much higher accuracy for TPSs and fast positioning to achieve ultra-fast imaging for real-time image-guided radiotherapy(IGRT)in clinical proton therapy applications.

关键词： proton CT Real-time image guidance Image reconstruction proton therapy

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