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primary frequency control Ability Evaluation of Valve Opening in Thermal Power Units Based on Artificial Neural Network

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Journal of Thermal Science 2020年第3期29卷 576-586页

作者： LIAO Jinlong LUO Zhihao YIN Feng CHEN Bo SHENG Deren LI Wei YU Zitao Institute of Thermal Science and Power Systems Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.Ltd Hangzhou 310027China

With the development of new energy,the primary frequency control(PFC)is becoming more and more important and complicated.To improve the reliability of the PFC,an evaluation method of primary frequency control ability(PFCA)was proposed.First,based on the coupling model of the coordinated control system(CCS)and digital electro-hydraulic control system(DEH),principle and control mode of the PFC were introduced in detail.The simulation results showed that the PFC of the CCS and DEH was the most effective control mode.Then,the analysis of the CCS model and variable condition revealed the internal relationship among main steam pressure,valve opening and power.In term of this,the radial basis function(RBF)neural network was established to estimate the PFCA.Because the simulation curves fit well with the actual curves,the accuracy of the coupling model was verified.On this basis,simulation data was produced by coupling model to verify the proposed evaluation method.The low predication error of main steam pressure,power and the PFCA indicated that the method was effective.In addition,the actual data obtained from historical operation data were used to estimate the PFCA accurately,which was the strongest evidence for this method.

关键词： primary frequency control valve opening main steam pressure thermal power unit artificial neural network evaluation

controllability and stability of primary frequency control from thermostatic loads with delays

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2017年第1期5卷 43-54页

作者： Charalampos ZIRAS Evangelos VRETTOS Shi YOU Center for Electric Power and Energy DTULyngbyDenmark Power Systems Laboratory ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland

There is an increasing interest in exploiting theflexibility of loads to provide ancillary services to the grid.In this paper we study how response delays and lockout constraints affect the controllability of an aggregation of refrigerators offering primary frequency control(PFC).First we examine the effect of delays in PFC provision from an aggregation of refrigerators, using a two-area power system. We propose a framework to systematically address frequency measurement and response delays and we determine safe values for the total delays via simulations. We introduce a controllability index to evaluate PFC provision under lockout constraints of refrigerators compressors. We conduct extensive simulations to study the effects of measurement delay, ramping times, lockout durations and rotational inertia on the controllability of the aggregation and system stability. Finally, we discuss solutions for offering reliable PFC provision from thermostatically controlled loads under lockout constraints and we propose a supervisory control to enhance the robustness of their controllers.

关键词： primary frequency control Stability controllability Delay Thermostatically controlled loads

Adaptive frequency Responsive control for Wind Farm Considering Wake Interaction

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2021年第5期9卷 1066-1075页

作者： Xue Lyu Youwei Jia Zhaoyang Dong Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong KongHong KongChina School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications The University of New South WalesSidneyAustralia

With the increasing share of wind power,it is expected that wind turbines would provide frequency regulation ancillary service.However,the complex wake effect intensifies the difficulty in controlling wind turbines and evaluating the frequency regulation potential from the wind farm.We propose a novel frequency control scheme for doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind turbines,in which the wake effect is considered.The proposed control scheme is developed by incorporating the virtual inertia control and primary frequency control in a holistic way.To facilitate frequency regulation in timevarying operation status,the control gains are adaptively adjusted according to wind turbine operation status in the proposed controller.Besides,different kinds of power reserve control approaches are explicitly investigated.Finally,extensive case studies are conducted and simulation results verify that the frequency behavior is significantly improved via the proposed control scheme.

关键词： Doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind turbine virtual inertia control primary frequency control power reserve control wake interaction

Operation-area-constrained Adaptive primary frequency Support Strategy for Electric Vehicle Clusters

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2023年第6期11卷 1982-1994页

作者： Tianqi Liu Pengyu Wang Qiao Peng Min Zhang Tengxin Wang Jinhao Meng College of Electrical Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China Electric Power Research Institute State Grid Shanxi Electric Power CompanyTaiyuan 030001China

Due to their fast response and strong short-term power throughput capacity, electric vehicles(EVs) are promising for providing primary frequency support to power grids. However, due to the complicated charging demands of drivers, it is challenging to efficiently utilize the regulation capacity of EV clusters for providing stable primary frequency support to the power grid. Accordingly, this paper proposes an adaptive primary frequency support strategy for EV clusters constrained by the charging-behavior-defined operation area. First, the forced charging boundary of the EV is determined according to the driver's charging behavior, and based on this, the operation area is defined. This ensures full utilization of the available frequency support capacity of the EV. An adaptive primary frequency support strategy of EV clusters is then proposed. The output power of EV is adaptively regulated according to the real-time distance from the EV operating point to the forced charging boundary. With the proposed strategy, when the EV approaches the forced charging boundary, its output power is gradually reduced to zero. Then, the rapid state-of-charge declines of EVs and sudden output power reductions in EV clusters caused by forced charging to meet the driver's charging demands can be effectively avoided. EV clusters can then provide sustainable frequency support to the power grid without violating the driver's charging demands. Simulation results validate the proposed operation-area-constrained adaptive primary frequency support strategy, which outperforms the average strategy in terms of stable output maintenance and the optimal utilization of regulation capacities of EV clusters.

关键词： primary frequency control frequency support electric vehicle vehicle-to-grid(V2G) operation area charging behavior

Short-term interaction between electric vehicles and microgrid in decentralized vehicle-to-grid control methods

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Protection and control of Modern Power Systems 2019年第1期4卷 42-52页

作者： Mahdi Bayati Mehrdad Abedi Gevork B.Gharehpetian Maryam Farahmandrad Amirkabir University of Technology No.39511th FloorEntrance 2Block 2Phase 2Ekbatan TownTehran***Iran Bu-Ali Sina University HamedanIran

In this paper,a particular standard MicroGrid(MG)is accurately simulated in the presence of the Electric Vehicles(EVs)participating in decentralized primary frequency control service.It examines effect of number of the participating EVs on the short-term dynamic behaviour.The simulation results confirm that frequency deviation will not definitely become zero even though an unlimited number of the EVs participate.The output power of each EV is determined according to the frequency deviation.On the other hand,the output power of each EV affects the value of the frequency deviation,especially in small-scale MGs and MGs with predominant inductance behaviour.Eventually,an equilibrium point is reached after a new EV is added that depends on the characteristics of the MG and the functions executed in the MG central controller during such a service.Additionally,effect of Reflex method,an advanced charging technique for EVs,on the frequency deviation is examined.

关键词： Battery charger Charging station Electric vehicle(EV) primary frequency control Reflex method Vehicle-to-grid(V2G)

Uncertainty modeling of wind power frequency regulation potential considering distributed characteristics of forecast errors

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Protection and control of Modern Power Systems 2021年第1期6卷 276-288页

作者： Cheng Yan Yi Tang Jianfeng Dai Chenggen Wang Shengjun Wu School of Electrical Engineering Southeast UniversityNanjingChina College of Automation Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjingChina State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd.Electric Power Research InstituteNanjingChina

Large-scale integration of wind power generation decreases the equivalent inertia of a power system, and thus makes frequency stability control challenging. However, given the irregular, nonlinear, and non-stationary characteristics of wind power, significant challenges arise in making wind power generation participate in system frequency regulation. Hence, it is important to explore wind power frequency regulation potential and its uncertainty. This paper proposes an innovative uncertainty modeling method based on mixed skew generalized error distribution for wind power frequency regulation potential. The mapping relationship between wind speed and the associated frequency regulation potential is established, and key parameters of the wind turbine model are identified to predict the wind power frequency regulation potential. Furthermore, the prediction error distribution of the frequency regulation potential is obtained from the mixed skew model. Because of the characteristics of error partition, the error distribution model and predicted values at different wind speed sections are summarized to generate the uncertainty interval of wind power frequency regulation potential. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art contrastive models in terms of the refined degree of fitting error distribution characteristics. The proposed model only requires the wind speed prediction sequence to accurately model the uncertainty interval. This should be of great significance for rationally optimizing system frequency regulation resources and reducing redundant backup.

关键词： Inertial response primary frequency control Error distribution Mixed skew generalized error distribution Uncertainty modeling

Prediction of primary frequency Regulation Capability of Power System Based on Deep Belief Network

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国际计算机前沿大会会议论文集 2020年第2期 423-435页

作者： Wei Cui Wujing Li Cong Wang Nan Yang Yunlong Zhu Xin Bai Chen Xue Northwest control Center of State Grid Corporation Xi’an 710048China

The primary frequency response ability plays a crucial role in the rapid recovery and stability of the power grid when the grid is disturbed to generate a power imbalance.In order to predict the primary frequency control ability of power system,a new model is proposed based on deep belief networks.The key feature of the proposed model lies in the fact that it considers three key factors,i.e.,disturbance information,system state feature,and unit operation mode.Through this way,it predicts the primary frequency control ability of the power system accurately.The simulation results on real power system data verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed model.

关键词： primary frequency control Power system Deep belief neural network Prediction