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Increasing Access to Clean Cooking: The practicality of Pay-Go in Promoting Adoption of Bottled Gas in Kinondoni, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

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International Journal of Clean Coal and Energy 2021年第3期10卷 41-58页

作者： Editha M. Ndunguru Institute of Development Studies Mzumbe University Mzumbe Tanzania

The majority of the population in developing countries have limited access to clean energy. To increase access to clean energy, the governments and other stakeholders have been working hard to create enabling environments for their adoption and utilization. For the household cooking sector, technological innovations such as improved biomass fuels, improved biomass cookstove, solar cooking, biogas and recently bottled gas service have been or are being deployed to scale up clean cooking. Nevertheless, a good number of the innovations intended for upscaling clean cooking in developing countries have failed to meet the desired goals due to limited support from the national governments or the international community. Pay-Go is among the recent innovations in the East African region intended for promoting the use of bottled gas (liquefied petroleum gas-LPG). This study evaluates the practicality of Pay-Go innovation on bottled gas, popularly known as Pay-as-you-Cook. Specifically, the article examines the evolution of Pay-as-you-Cook, its execution, usefulness and challenges;and its implications on household energy sector development. The study was conducted in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between 2018 and 2020. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Purposive and non-random sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. Purposive sampling was used to identify key informants while snowball sampling was used to find household respondents. Information was gathered from KopaGas (Pay-as-you-Cook innovator) headquarter-Kinondoni Morocco;and from Pay-as-you-Cook clients in Kinondoni Moscow, Mkwajuni and Hananasif. Methods of data collection involved semi-structured interviews and observation. Instruments of data collection included interview guides and obser

关键词： Clean Cooking practicality Adoption Pay-Go Bottled Gas

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Evaluation of TOEIC from Validity Reliability and practicality

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海外英语 2019年第24期 132-133,147页

作者：牛璇璇山东交通学院外国语学院

Test of English for International Communication(TOEIC),as a system for English assessment,was developed by Educa⁃tional Testing Service(ETS)and it is used by government institutions and multinational enterprises to assess the daily English com⁃munication ability of the people who are not native English *** scores of the TOEIC test are divided into four levels,with level A B C D in descending *** thesis fully analyzes TOEIC from the perspectives of validity,reliability and practicality so as to draw a conclusion that TOEIC is reasonably valid,reliable and practical in real application and TOEIC as an effective way to enhance whether their employees command the basic ability in commercial communication.

关键词： TOEIC validity reliability practicality

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Understanding the Human Rights of Modern Individuals—Revisiting Habermas’s Dual Critique and the Reconstruction of Intersubjectivity

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The Journal of Human Rights 2024年第2期23卷 420-475页

作者：杨畅 PAN Yingzhao(Translated) Department of Philosophy School of HumanitiesCentral South University 不详

Human rights are not only pivotal in depicting the relationship between individuals and communities but also a focal point of political philosophical concerns oriented towards reality. The inseparability of human rights from individual self-identity reveals a contradiction between practicality and historicity in understanding individuals, as highlighted in the debate between liberalism and communitarianism. In order to reconcile this contradiction, Habermas,drawing from German classical philosophy, examines practicality and historicity separately: while Fichte intertwines objectivity in self-identity, revealing the practicality of individuals but neglecting their real elements, Hegel interprets self-identity under the concept of unity,examining individuals from a historical dimension but letting rational rules dominate reality. Ultimately, Habermas reconstructs the process of modern individual self-identity from the theory of communicative action by critiquing the shackles of subjective philosophy. He not only reconciles the divergence between practicality and historicity in self-identity, but also elucidates the intersubjective core inherent in human rights.

关键词： human rights self-identity practicality historicity intersubjectivity

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Practical considerations of Si-based anodes for lithiumion battery applications

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Nano Research 2017年第12期10卷 3970-4002页

作者： Jaegeon Ryu Dongki Hong Hyun-Wook Lee Soojin Park Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea

Using Si-based anodes in Li-ion batteries is one of the most feasible approaches to achieve high energy densities despite their disadvantages, such as low conductivity and massive volume expansion, which cause unstable solid electrolyte interphase layers with mechanical failure. The forefront in research and development to address the above challenges suggests the possibility of fully commercially viable cells using various structural and interfacial modifications. In particular, we present a discussion of each dimension of Si-based anodes in multiple controlled systems, including plain, hollow, porous, and uniquely engineered structures, which are further evaluated based on their anode performances, such as initial reversibility, capacity retention for extended cycles with its efficiency, degree of volume expansion tolerance, and rate capabilities, by several practical standards in half cells. With these practical considerations, multi-dimensional structures with uniform size distributions （micrometers, on average） are strongly desired to satisfy the rigorous requirements for widespread applications. Furthermore, we closely examined several full cells composed of Si-based multicomponent anodes coupled with suitable cathodes based on practical standards to propose future research directions for Si-based anodes to keep pace with the rapidly changing market demands for diverse energy storage systems.

关键词： silicon anode dimensional control full celllithium-ion batteries practicality

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雅思口语测试的效度、信度和实用性探析(英文)

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思想战线 2010年第S1期36卷 281-283页

作者：任勤云南大学大学外语教学部

IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment, testing four language skills-listening, reading, writing and speaking, which are equally weighted with scores reported on a 9-band scale of ability. Every candidate needs to take the same Listening and Speaking modules. The Speaking test of IELTS measures a candidate’s general proficiency in speaking in everyday situations via a structured, five-phase oral interview. As a performance test, the IELTS Speaking test has been one of the most important issues in the assessment of English proficiency. Assessment needs to be theory driven. For this reason, this paper will focus on validity, reliability and practicality of the IELTS Speaking test, qualities that affect assessment design.

关键词： IELTS Speaking Test validity reliability practicality

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Efficient hardware-based private information retrieval using partial reshuffle

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High Technology Letters 2010年第3期16卷 263-267页

作者： Lan Tian Qin Zhiguang School of Computer Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 P.R. China

The paper proposes a novel hardware-based private information retrieval （HWPIR） protocol. By partially reshuffling previously accessed items in each round, instead of frequently reshuffling the whole database, the scheme makes better use of shuffled data copies and achieves the computation overhead at O（/N/K）,where N and k are the sizes of the database and secure storage respectively. For securestorage with moderate size, e.g. k = O（/N）, the overhead is 0（4/N）. The result is much better than the state-of-art schemes （as compared to e.g. O（log2N））. Without increasing response time and communication cost, the proposed protocol is truly practicable regardless of the database size. The security and preformance of the protocol is formally analyzed.

关键词： private information retrieval (PIR) trusted hardware reshuffle security practicality

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Unraveling Religious Ideology of Chinese Aristocracy in Imperial Qing from a Literary Perspective

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Frontiers of Literary Studies in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2020年第1期14卷 99-133页

作者： Aiqing WANG Department of Languages and Cultures Lancaster UniversityLancasterLA14YDUK

I unveil the aristocratic ethos regarding religion in imperial China under the reign of the Qing *** a literary perspective,I deploy a hermeneutic methodology by means of scrutinizing the chef-d'oeuvre of a master writer Cao Xueqin,Dream of the Red Chamber,which embroiders trials and tribulations of an enormous aristocratic clan that embodies every stratum of Qing society,especially the upper *** critically analyzing the novel translated by David Hawkes,I investigate the comprehensive permeation of religious ideology within the moneyed family from the aspects of credos,practices and language.I explore theodiversity and polytheism epotimised by harmonious contemporaneous of(sub-)religions,and propound that such phenomena are owing to lack of an overwhelmingly predominant religion,which can be accounted for by external and internal factors-the former pertains to centralization of authority in feudal China and orthodox Confucian thinking that promulgates atheism and agnosticism as well as ancestor and Heaven worship,while the latter entails the liberalism,***-sanctimoniousness and non-expansionism of indigenous and Sinicised religions.I also propose the overarching rationale accounting for the contemporaneous of religious theologies among the aristocracy,viz.,the practicality and pragmatism of the Chinese nation.

关键词： Dream of the Red Chamber literature imperial Qing religion theodiversity and polytheism practicality and pragmatism

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中国式现代化背景下的财政基础理论创新研究

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财政与税务 2024年第4期

作者：肖鹏王亚琪

财政，以“政”领“财”，以“财”辅“政”，中国财政实践始终服务于党和国家事业大局，为社会主义现代化建设提供财力支持和制度保障。中国式现代化是一条适合中国国情、符合中国实际的正确道路，具有鲜明的中国特色，为深化财税体制... 详细信息

财政，以“政”领“财”，以“财”辅“政”，中国财政实践始终服务于党和国家事业大局，为社会主义现代化建设提供财力支持和制度保障。中国式现代化是一条适合中国国情、符合中国实际的正确道路，具有鲜明的中国特色，为深化财税体制改革提供了行动指南，同时也确定了中国财政基础理论创新的根本站位、价值导向和根本立场。新中国成立以来财政基础理论呈现出“直面实践”“经验借鉴”“交叉融合”的发展逻辑，但仍然存在原创性不足、解释力和预测力较弱、研究的空间范围较窄等问题。因此，亟须构建与中国式现代化相适应的中国特色财政基础理论：一要增强财政基础理论的原创性，回应时代需求；二要增强财政基础理论的实践性，服务于中国式现代化；三要增强财政基础理论的包容性，充分反映全人类共同价值。

关键词：中国式现代化财政基础理论原创性实践性包容性 Chinese modernization basic theory of public finance originality practicality inclusiveness

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A Critical Review of TEM-8

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科海故事博览·科教创新 2012年第2期 150-153页

作者：李晓婷南海东软信息技术职业学院广东佛山528225

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Evaluation of College English Test

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Journal of Donghua University(English Edition) 2003年第3期20卷 144-146页

作者：郭奕奕 Foreign Language College Donghua UniversityShanghai200051

There has been much heated discussion on College English Test for non-English majors Band 4 and Band 6 because it has exerted great influence on English teaching in Chinese universities. This essay is intended to explore the reliability, validity,practicality and washback of this large-scale test by focusing on CET Band 4. The author of this report discusses the merits as well as some existing problems of this test and offers some suggestions at the end of the essay.

关键词： reliability validity practicality washback

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