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（1,3;1,4）-β-D-Glucans in Cell Walls of the poaceae, Lower Plants, and Fungi： A Tale of Two Linkages

Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 873-882页

作者： Rachel A. Burton Geoffrey B. Fincher The Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics School of Agriculture Food and Wine University of Adelaide Waite Campus Glen Osmond SA 5064Australia

（1,3;1,4）-β-D-Glucans consist of unbranched and unsubstituted chains of （1,3）- and （1,4）-β-glucosyl residues, in which the ratio of （1,4）-β-D-glucosyl residues to （1,3）-β-D-glucosyl residues appears to influence not only the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide and therefore its functional properties in cell walls, but also its adoption by different plant species during evolution. The （1,3; 1,4）-β-D-glucans are widely distributed as non-cellulosic matrix phase polysaccharides in cell walls of the poaceae, which evolved relatively recently and consist of the grasses and commercially important cereal species, but they are less commonly found in lower vascular plants, such as the horsetails, in algae and in fungi. The （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans have often been considered to be components mainly of primary cell walls, but recent observations indicate that they can also be located in secondary walls of certain tissues. Enzymes involved in the depolymerisation of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans have been well characterized. In contrast, initial difficulties in purifying the enzymes responsible for （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis slowed progress in the identification of the genes that encode （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan synthases, but emerging comparative genomics and associated techniques have allowed at least some of the genes that contribute to （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan synthesis in the poaceae to be identified. Whether similar genes and enzymes also mediate （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in lower plants and fungi is not yet known. Here, we compare the different fine structures of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucans across the plant kingdom, present current information on the genes that have been implicated recently in their biosynthesis, and consider aspects of the cell biology of （1,3;1,4）-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in the poaceae.

关键词： Cereals chemical structure glycosidic linkage analysis poaceae polysaccharide biosynthesis wall deposition.

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Dinosaur-associated poaceae epidermis and phytoliths from the Early Cretaceous of China

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National Science Review 2018年第5期5卷 721-727页

作者： Yan Wu Hai-Lu You Xiao-Qiang Li Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment College of Earth Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Grasses(poaceae) are human’s most important crop plants and among the most important extant clades of vascular plants. However, the origin and early evolution of grasses are controversial, with estimated ages from molecular dating ranging between 59 and 129 Ma(million years ago). Here we report the discovery of basalmost grasses from the late Early Cretaceous(Albian, 113-101 Ma) of China based on microfossils(silicified epidermal pieces and phytoliths) extracted from a special structure along the dentition of a basal hadrosauroid(duck-billed dinosaur). Thus, this discovery represents the earliest known grass fossils, and is congruent with previous estimations on grass origin and early evolution calibrated by oldest known fossil grasses, highlighting the role of fossils in molecular dating. This discovery also indicates deep-diverging grasses probably gained broad distribution across both Laurasian and Gondwanan continents during the Barremian(129-125 Ma).

关键词： poaceae dinosaur phytolith epidermis Early Cretaceous

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A functional characterization of TaMs1 orthologs in poaceae plants

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The Crop Journal 2021年第6期9卷 1291-1300页

作者： Jian Li Zheng Wang Zhenyi Chang Hang He Xiaoyan Tang Ligeng Ma Xing Wang Deng Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Weifang 261325ShandongChina Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design Shenzhen 518107GuangdongChina College of Life Sciences Capital Normal UniversityBeijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental ImprovementBeijing 100048China

TaMs1 encodes a non-specific lipid transfer protein(nsLTP) and is required for pollen development in wheat. Although MS1 is a poaceae-specific gene, the roles of MS1 genes in other poaceae plants are unknown, especially in rice and maize. Here, we identified one ortholog in rice(OsLTPg29) and two orthologs in maize(ZmLTPg11 and ZmLTPx2). Similar to TaMs1, both OsLTPg29 and ZmLTPg11 genes are specifically expressed in the microsporocytes, and both OsLTPg29 and ZmLTPg11 proteins showed lipid-binding ability to phosphatidic acid and several phosphoinositides. To determine their roles in pollen development, we created osltpg29 mutants and zmltpg11 zmltpx2 double mutants by CRISPR/Cas9.osltpg29, not zmltpg11 zmltpx2, is defective in pollen development, and only OsLTPg29, not ZmLTPg11,can rescue the male sterility of tams1 mutant. Our results demonstrate that the biological function of MS1 in pollen development differs in the evolution of poaceae plants.

关键词： MS1 poaceae nsLTP Pollen development

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Phytoaccumulation Potential of Three Endogenous poaceae Species Grown on the Akouedo Landfill (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2022年第11期13卷 779-796页

作者： Aman Messou Pétémanagnan Jean-Marie Ouattara Beda Amichale Jean Cyrille Lacina Coulibaly Laboratory of Environment and Aquatic Biology Department of Sciences and Environment Management Nangui Abrogoua University Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire University of Man Man C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

The selection of adequate plant species is a prerequisite for cleaning-up trace metal contaminated-soils by phytoaccumulation which is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology. The potential of Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica and Cynodon dactylon to uptake trace metals from the soil of the Akouedo landfill was investigated. The concentrations of trace metals in soil were also considered. Moreover, the accumulation of Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd was assessed based on bioconcentration factor, translocation factor. The results showed high concentration values in the soil of the abandoned and the operation site of the landfill compare to the control site. The highest concentrations of trace metals in the plant shoot were observed with P. maximum for Ni. In root biomass, Zn, Cu and Cd showed high concentrations with P. maximum, E. indica and C. dactylon. Furthermore, the highest values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the translocation factor (TF) for Ni, were respectively 111.98 ± 82.45 and 4.26 ± 1.75 and were recorded with P. maximum. P. maximum, suggesting that it can be considered as a Ni hyperaccumulator.

关键词： Trace Metals Phytoaccumulation poaceae Landfill

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Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Assessment of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. (poaceae) Raw Extracts with Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Assay

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第8期10卷 153-171页

作者： Anne Marie Léticia Konan Koffi Julien Golly Adou Koffi Mathieu Kra Amissa Augustin Adima Essis Esmel Claude Lohoues Biochemistry Department Medical Sciences Faculty Felix Houphouet-Boigny University Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Laboratory of the Biology of Immunity Center Pasteur Institute Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Pharmacodynamics Biochemical Laboratory Felix Houphouet-Boigny University Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Research Department Water Chemicals and Natural Substances INP-HB Yamoussoukro C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

Background: Herbal medicinal preparations are used as dietary supplements for disease prevention and as alternative/complementary medicine. The growing interest in herbal medicine raises the question of its safety and efficacy. Numerous recorded cases of intoxication and toxicological studies reveal that medicinal plants can be toxic, which hinders their safe use. Plant intoxications related to a variety of factors include plant organs and many extraction solvents. Little toxicological data on medicinal plants is available. The need to investigate is important for safe use. Imperata cylindrica, a poaceae, is one of the medicinal plants for which few toxicological data are available. Materials & Methods: To expand toxicological data, water, 70% ethanol, and 30% acetone extracts of the leaves and roots, obtained by maceration and reflux methods, were used for phytochemicals molecules qualitative detection and toxicity test by the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The qualitative analysis of the different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenolic compounds, saponins, and polyterpenoids. The toxicity endpoint was lethal concentration 50 (LC50). The leaves’ extracts LC50 was between 489.78 μg/mL and 1066.6 μg/mL. As for the root extracts, the LC50 was between 341.98 μg/mL and 1530 μg/mL. Discussion: The different compounds’ presence justifies the use of Imperata cylindrica as a medicinal plant. According to Clarkson classification the root extracts are moderately toxic (LC50: 168.47 μg/mL), and leaf extracts are weakly toxic (LC50: 527.25 μg/mL). The extrapolation made in relation to the Gosselin, Smith, and Hodge scale, allows us to characterize the Imperata cylindrica root and leaf extracts as non-toxic to humans by oral route. Conclusion: This result can be a base for more precise toxicological studies.

关键词： Imperata cylindrica poaceae Phytochemical Analyses Cytotoxicity Artemia salina

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Root structure syndromes of four families of monocots in the Middle Urals

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Plant Diversity 2023年第6期45卷 722-731页

作者： Anna A.Betekhtina Daria E.Tukova Denis V.Veselkin Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B.N.Yeltsin 19 Mira StreetEkaterinburg 620002Russia Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology8 Marta StreetEkaterinburg 620144Russia

The present article tests the following general assumption:plant taxa with different specializations towards mycorrhizal interactions should have different root syndromes.Roots of 61 species common in boreal zone were studied:16 species of poaceae,24 species of Cyperaceae,14 species of Orchidaceae,and 7 species of Iridaceae.Using a fixed material of 5 individuals of each species,the following was determined:number of orders of branching roots;transverse dimensions of root,stele and cortex;number of primary xylem vessels and exodermis layers;length of root hairs;abundance of mycorrhiza.Species of each family had well-defined syndromes.Roots of Orchidaceae and Iridaceae were thick with a large stele and developed exodermis.Orchidaceae had no branching roots and had long root hairs.In Iridaceae,roots were branched,and root hairs were short.Roots of poaceae and Cyperaceae were thin with a relatively thin stele.Root hairs were short in poaceae and long in Cyperaceae.Our finding that root syndromes of four families of monocots differed is a new and unexpected discovery.The high specificity of root syndromes in Cyperaceae,Iridaceae,poaceae,and Orchidaceae indicates that species of these families use different strategies to obtain water and soil nutrients.

关键词： Monocots poaceae Cyperaceae Orchidaceae Iridaceae Syndromes of roots structure

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The Complete Chloroplast Genome of <i>Poa pratensis</i>(poaceae), a High-Quality Forage

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2021年第12期12卷 1755-1760页

作者： Meiling Jing Haijuan Bao Yushou Ma Xinguang Yang College of Ecological Environment and Resources Qinghai Nationalities University Xining China Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Highvalue Utilization of Characteristic Economic Plants Xining China State Key Laboratory of Plateau and Agriculture Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science Qinghai University Xining China

Poa pratensis L. (poaceae) is a hardy, persistent, attractive forage and turf grass adapted to a wide range of soils and climate. In this study, we release and detail the complete chloroplast genome sequences of P. pratensis. The whole chloroplast genome was 135,649 bp in length and comprised 131 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes. The P. pratensis chloroplast genome had a GC content of 38.3%. The result of phylogenetic analysis showed that P. pratensis was closely related to P. pratensis cv. Qinghai and P. poophagorum. This study would provide useful genetic information for the protection of P. pratensis and other related species.

关键词： Poa pratensis Chloroplast Genome Phylogenetic Analysis poaceae

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Xyloglucans of Monocotyledons Have Diverse Structures

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Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 943-965页

作者： Yves S.Y. Hsieh Philip J. Harris School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand

Except in the poaceae, little is known about the structures of the xyloglucans in the primary walls of monocotyledons. Xyloglucan structures in a range of monocotyledon species were examined. Wall preparations were isolated, extracted with 6 M sodium hydroxide, and the extracts treated with a xyloglucan-specific endo-（1→4）-β-glucanase preparation. The oligosaccharides released were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Oligosaccharide profiles of the non-commelinid monocotyledons were similar to those of most eudicotyledons, indicating the xyloglucans were fucogalactoxyloglucans, with a XXXG a core motif and the fucosylated units XXFG and XLFG. An exception was Lemna minor （Araceae）, which yielded no fucosylated oligosaccharides and had both XXXG and XXGn core motifs. Except for the Arecales （palms） and the Dasypogonaceae, which had fucogalactoxyloglucans, the xyloglucans of the commelinid monocotyledons were structurally different. The Zingiberales and Commelinales had xyloglucans with both XXGn and XXXG core motifs; small proportions of XXFG units, but no XLFG units, were present. In the Poales, the poaceae had xyloglucans with a XXGn core motif and no fucosylated units. In the other Poales families, some had both XXXG and XXGn core motifs, others had only XXXG; XXFG units were present, but XLFG units were not.

关键词： Commelinid monocotyledons non-commelinid monocotyledons plant cell walls poaceae xyloglucans xyloglucan-specific endo-（1→4）-β-glucanase.

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Modeling of the height–diameter relationship using an allometric equation model:a case study of stands of Phyllostachys edulis

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Journal of Forestry Research 2016年第2期27卷 339-347页

作者： Xuan Gao Zhandong Li Hongmei Yu Zehui Jiang Chen Wang Yu Zhang Lianghua Qi Lei Shi College of Life Science Anhui Normal UniversityWuhu 241000China School of Forestry&Landscape Architecture Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei 230036China International Center for Bamboo and Rattan Beijing 100102China

Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships： a corre- lation between the mean bamboo height （Hm） and the upper mean H （Hu）, and a correlation between the mean D （Din） and the upper mean D （Du）. Simulation results derived from the aUometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter （H-D） model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H-D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors.

关键词： Allometric equation Bamboo Height-diameter relationship Model Phyllostachys edulis poaceae Stratification

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Microbiostatic, antioxidative and cytotoxic potentiation of some grasses of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2019年第4期39卷 482-491页

作者： Iram Fatima Sobia Kanwal Tariq Mahmood Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Biological SciencesQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad 45320Pakistan Department of Zoology University of GujratSub-campus Rawalpindi46000Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biological potential of methanol and n-hexane extracts of aerial parts in seven species of family poaceae.METHODS: Qualitative phytochemical tests were done by using standard protocols. In vitro antioxidant activity was performed via different assays and antimicrobial potential was observed via disc diffusion method. Cytotoxic activity was carried out using brine shrimps’ assay.RESULTS: Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols,steroids, saponins, tannins, anthocyanins and coumarins in most of the plant extracts. Maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial potential were observed in Cymbopogon citratus methanol extract and Cymbopogon citratus n-hexane extract along with significant number of total flavonoids and phenols contents. However, Polypogon monspeliensis methanol extract and Polypogon monspeliensis n-hexane extract showed minimum antioxidant as well as antimicrobial potential. Moreover, methanol extracts showed a cytotoxic effect with their effectiveness ranked Polypogon monspeliensis methanol extract > Cymbopogon citratus methanol extract > Phalaris minor n-hexane extract > Aristida funiculata methanol extract > Stipagrostis plumosa methanol extract > Cenchrus ciliaris methanol extract > Panicum antidotale methanol extract. Similarly, n-hexane plant extracts revealed cytotoxic activity in decreasing order Cenchrus ciliaris n-hexane extract > Stipagrostis plumosa n-hexane extract > Phalaris minor n-hexane extract > Aristida funiculata n-hexane extract > Polypogon monspeliensis n-hexane extract > Panicum antidotale n-hexane extract > Cymbopogon citratus n-hexane extract respectively.CONCLUSION: Methanol extracts exhibit significant antioxidant and antimicrobial potential which can be correlated to their medicinal values. The observed brine shrimp’s lethality of the plant extracts revealed the presence of potent cytotoxic components in these plants.

关键词： poaceae Methanol n-Hexane Anti-infective agents Antioxidants Cytotoxins

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