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Biodegradable Mg alloys for orthopedic implants——A review

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2021年第6期9卷 1884-1905页

作者： Violeta Tsakiris Christu Tardei Florentina Marilena Clicinschi Department of Metallic Composite and Polymeric MaterialsNational Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering(ICPE–Advanced Researches)313 Splaiul UniriiDistrict 3030138 BucharestRomania

The last decade has seen a significant growth in the market for alloys used for implants,especially for those intended for orthopedic implants.Research into biodegradable magnesium-based alloys has made great strides in this period,so huge progress has been made in their use in the medical industry.The important factors that led to the intensification of research in this regard,were social but also economic,wanting to improve the quality of life,by reducing the use of conventionally permanent metallic implants(stainless steel,cobalt-based alloys,and titanium alloys)which involve the second implant removal surgery and other undesirable effects(stress shielding and metal ion releases),with a negative impact on the emotional and physical condition of patients,and by significantly reducing the costs for both the patient and the health system in the field of orthopedics.This paper refers to the impact and importance of biodegradable Mg alloys,reviewing the beginning of their development,the significant characteristics that make them so desirable for such applications(orthopedic implants)but also the characteristics that must be modulated(corrosion rate and mechanical properties)to arrive at the ideal product for the targeted application.It highlights,in detail,the mechanism and aspects related to the corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys,electrochemical characterization techniques/methods,as well as strategies to improve the corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of these types of biodegradable alloys.The means of optimization,the category and the effect of the alloying elements,the design criteria,the requirements that the implants of biodegradable alloys Mg-based must meet and the aspects related to their efficiency are also presented.Finally,the potential applications in the specialized clinics,as well as the final products currently used and made by important prestigious companies in the world are approached.

关键词： Mg alloys Biodegradable orthopedic implants Corrosion Degradation Biomedical applications

Advanced surface engineering of titanium materials for biomedical applications:From static modification to dynamic responsive regulation

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Bioactive Materials 2023年第9期27卷 15-57页

作者： Pinliang Jiang Yanmei Zhang Ren Hu Bin Shi Lihai Zhang Qiaoling Huang Yun Yang Peifu Tang Changjian Lin South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Emergent Soft MatterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China Department of Orthopaedics General Hospital of Chinese PLABeijing100853China Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials ResearchCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China

Titanium(Ti)and its alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implants,because of their favorable mechanical properties,corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.Despite their significant success in various clinical applications,the probability of failure,degradation and revision is undesirably high,especially for the patients with low bone density,insufficient quantity of bone or osteoporosis,which renders the studies on surface modification of Ti still active to further improve clinical results.It is discerned that surface physicochemical properties directly influence and even control the dynamic interaction that subsequently determines the success or rejection of orthopedic implants.Therefore,it is crucial to endow bulk materials with specific surface properties of high bioactivity that can be performed by surface modification to realize the osseointegration.This article first reviews surface characteristics of Ti materials and various conventional surface modification techniques involving mechanical,physical and chemical treatments based on the formation mechanism of the modified coatings.Such conventional methods are able to improve bioactivity of Ti implants,but the surfaces with static state cannot respond to the dynamic biological cascades from the living cells and tissues.Hence,beyond traditional static design,dynamic responsive avenues are then emerging.The dynamic stimuli sources for surface functionalization can originate from environmental triggers or physiological triggers.In short,this review surveys recent developments in the surface engineering of Ti materials,with a specific emphasis on advances in static to dynamic functionality,which provides perspectives for improving bioactivity and biocompatibility of Ti implants.

关键词： Titanium materials orthopedic implants Bioactivity Static modification Dynamic responsive regulation

300 MPa grade biodegradable high-strength ductile low-alloy(BHSDLA)Zn-Mn-Mg alloys:An in vitro study

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第7期138卷 233-244页

作者： Zhang-Zhi Shi Xiang-Min Li Sheng-Lian Yao Yun-Zhi Tang Xiao-Jing Ji Qiang Wang Xi-Xian Gao Lu-Ning Wang Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

300 MPa grade biodegradable Zn-(0.6,0.8)Mn-(300 MPa and elongations>15%have been developed,which are designated as Zn06Mn006Mg(HE)and Zn08Mn005Mg(HE)in as-extruded state.They are the newest members of a small group of biodegradable Zn alloys with mechanical properties beyond the generally accepted benchmark for orthopedic implants.Immersed in simulated body fluid for 30 days,Zn06Mn006Mg(HE)and Zn08Mn005Mg(HE)exhibit corrosion rates of 38 and 53μm y^(-1),respectively.They show high antibacterial rates of 93%-97%against E.coli.In 25%-75%extracts of both the alloys,MC3T3-E1 cell viabilities for 1 day and 3 days are all over 100%,indicating complete cytocompatibility.In 100%extracts for 3 days,both alloys show non-toxicity.After a longtime room temperature storage of 72 weeks,natural embrittling alike Zn-Mg alloys does not happen.The Zn-Mn-Mg alloys still have mechanical properties exceeding the benchmark by a large margin.The in vitro study shows the newly developed BHSDLA Zn-Mn-Mg alloys are promising candidates for orthopedic implants.

关键词： Biodegradable Zn alloys orthopedic implants Microstructure Mechanical properties Biocompatibility

Bone infection site targeting nanoparticle-antibiotics delivery vehicle to enhance treatment efficacy of orthopedic implant related infection

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第10期7卷 134-148页

作者： Bin’en Nie Shicheng Huo Xinhua Qu Jingjing Guo Xi Liu Qimin Hong You Wang Jianping Yang Bing Yue Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Department of OrthopedicsRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200127China State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education)Department of Radiology Peking University Cancer Hospital&InstituteBeijing100142China

orthopedic implants account for 99%of orthopedic surgeries,however,orthopedic implant-related infection is one of the most serious complications owing to the potential for limb-threatening sequelae and mortality.Current antibiotic treatments still lack the capacity to target bone infection sites,thereby resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic effects.Here,the bone infection site targeting efficacy of D6 and UBI29-41 peptides was investigated,and bone-and-bacteria dual-targeted nanoparticles(NPs)with D6 and UBI29-41 peptides were first fabricated to target bone infection site and control the release of vancomycin in bone infection site.The results of this study demonstrated that the bone-and-bacteria dual-targeted mesoporous silica NPs exhibit excellent bone and bacteria targeting efficacy,excellent biocompatibility and effective antibacterial properties in vitro.Furthermore,in a rat model of orthopedic implant-related infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,the growth of bacteria was evidently inhibited without cytotoxicity,thus realizing the early treatment of implant-related infection.Hence,the bone-and-bacteria dual-targeted molecule-modified NPs may target bacteria-infected bone sites and act as ideal candidates for the therapy of orthopedic implant-related infections.

关键词： orthopedic implants Antibiotic treatments Bone infection site targeting Mesoporous silica nanoparticles Antibacterial properties

Surface integrity of ball burnished bioresorbable magnesium alloy

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Advances in Manufacturing 2023年第2期11卷 342-362页

作者： G.V.Jagadeesh Srinivasu Gangi Setti Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology RaipurChhattisgarh492010India

Magnesium alloys are potential biodegradable and biocompatible implant materials because of their excellent biological properties. Recently, interest in these alloys as a promising alternative for temporary orthopedic implants has grown owing to their desirable biological, mechanical, and physical properties. However, the application of magnesium alloys is hindered by their rapid degradation and low corrosion resistance in physiological fluids, leading to the failure of implants. Thus, the current challenge is to enhance the corrosion resistance and control the degradation rate of magnesium under physiological conditions. The rapid degradation of magnesium alloys can be controlled by improving their surface integrity, such as surface roughness and microhardness. The present study aims to improve the surface integrity of the Mg Ze41A alloy by the ball burnishing technique. The surface roughness improved by 94.90% from 0.941 μm to 0.048 μm with a burnishing force of 50 N, burnishing speed of 1 300 r/min, burnishing feed of 130 mm/min, and three passes. Similarly, the microhardness improved by 50.62% from 75.2 HV to 113.27 HV with a burnishing force of 60 N, burnishing speed of 1 100 r/min, burnishing feed of 100 mm/min, and five passes. The variations in microhardness, which were observed up to 400 μm beneath the surface, exhibited a linear nature. These variations may be attributed to the movement of dislocations, formation of new dislocations, nanocrystal structures, metastable phases and subgrains, and lattice distortion or grain refinement. The surface features obtained from optical images demonstrated the fundamental mechanisms involved in the ball burnishing process. The concept of burnishing maps and zones will assist in the design of the ball burnishing parameters of a material with an equivalent yield strength of 140 MPa. The significant improvement in the surface integrity of the Mg Ze41A alloy by the ball burnishing technique is expected to improve its functional performance.

关键词： Magnesium alloy Bioresorbable orthopedic implants Surface integrity Ball burnishing

Accelerated biodegradation of iron-based implants via tantalum-implanted surface nanostructures

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第3期7卷 239-250页

作者： Min-Kyu Lee Hyun Lee Cheonil Park In-Gu Kang Jinyoung Kim Hyoun-Ee Kim Hyun-Do Jung Tae-Sik Jang Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea Department of Biotechnology The Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea Department of Materials Science and Engineering Chosun UniversityGwangju61452Republic of Korea

In recent years,pure iron(Fe)has attracted significant attention as a promising biodegradable orthopedic implant material due to its excellent mechanical and biological properties.However,in physiological conditions,Fe has an extremely slow degradation rate with localized and irregular degradation,which is problematic for practical applications.In this study,we developed a novel combination of a nanostructured surface topography and galvanic reaction to achieve uniform and accelerated degradation of an Fe implant.The target-ion induced plasma sputtering(TIPS)technique was applied on the Fe implant to introduce biologically compatible and electrochemically noble tantalum(Ta)onto its surface and develop surface nano-galvanic couples.Electrochemical tests revealed that the uniformly distributed nano-galvanic corrosion cells of the TIPS-treated sample(nano Ta-Fe)led to relatively uniform and accelerated surface degradation compared to that of bare Fe.Furthermore,the mechanical properties of nano Ta-Fe remained almost constant during a long-term in vitro immersion test(~40 weeks).Biocompatibility was also assessed on surfaces of bare Fe and nano Ta-Fe using in vitro osteoblast responses through direct and indirect contact assays and an in vivo rabbit femur medullary cavity implantation model.The results revealed that nano Ta-Fe not only enhanced cell adhesion and spreading on its surface,but also exhibited no signs of cellular or tissue toxicity.These results demonstrate the immense potential of Ta-implanted surface nanostructures as an effective solution for the practical application of Fe-based orthopedic implants,ensuring long-term biosafety and clinical efficacy.

关键词： Iron Tantalum Ion implantation Biodegradation orthopedic implants

Layer-by-layer self-assembly and clinical application in orthopedics

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第16期147卷 241-268页

作者： Xiao Ma Duoyi Zhao Yubo Xiang Yingqi Hua Wei Zhao Yan Cui Zhiyu Zhang Department of orthopedics the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110032China Department of orthopedics Shanghai Bone Tumor InstitutionShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200080China

orthopedic implants for the treatment of bone defects from various causes have been challenged by insufficient osseointegration,bacterial infection,oxidative stress,immune rejection,and insufficient individualized treatment.These challenges not only impact treatment outcomes but also severely impact patients’daily lives.Layer-by-Layer(LbL)serves as a simple surface coating technique,in simple terms,to functionalize implants by sequentially adsorbing oppositely charged materials onto a substrate.In orthopaedics,LbL self-assembly technology solves some of the challenges by loading various drugs or biological agents on the implant surface and controlling their release precisely to the site of bone defects in a personalized way.This review will introduce the basic principle and the development of LbL in orthopaedics,review and analyze the chemical strategy of LbL in the preparation of bone implants to ensure the stability of the implant,and introduce the use of LbL bone implants in orthopaedics in recent years.The application of LbL includes the realization of programmed drug delivery and sustained release,thereby promoting osseointegration and the formation of new blood vessels,antibacterial,antioxidant,etc.This review focuses on the LbL technology,involving the technology selection for the preparation of bone implants,the chemical strategies of the stability guarantee of LbL implants,the pharmacological properties,loading and release mechanisms of loaded drugs,and the molecular mechanisms of osteogenesis and angiogenesis.The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current research advances,and a prospect in this field was also described.

关键词： orthopedic implants Layer-by-Layer self-assembly Chemical strategy Agents release orthopedic applications

In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys

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Bioactive Materials 2020年第2期5卷 275-285页

作者： Kai Chen Xinhui Xie Hongyan Tang Hui Sun Ling Qin Yufeng Zheng Xuenan Gu Yubo Fan Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100083China Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing100083China The Department of orthopedics ZhongDa HospitalSchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009China Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical AidsBeijing100176China Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids Beijing100176China

Magnesium alloys with integration of degradability and good mechanical performance are desired for orthopedic implants.In this paper,Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys were prepared and the degradation as well as the bone response were investigated.Compared with the binary Mg-2Sr alloys,the addition of Ca and Zn improved the in vitro and in vivo corrosion resistance.Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys exhibited more uniform corrosion and maintained the configuration of the implants 4 weeks post-implantation.The in vivo corrosion rates were 0.85 mm/yr for Mg-2Sr-Zn and 1.10 mm/yr for Mg-2Sr-Ca in comparison with 1.37 mm/yr for Mg-2Sr.The in vitro cell tests indicated that Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys exhibited higher MG63 cell viability than Mg-2Sr alloy.Furthermore,these two alloys can promote the mineralization and new bone formation without inducing any significant adverse effects and this sound osteogenic properties suggest its attractive clinical potential.

关键词： Magnesium alloys Degradation In vivo test Biocompatibility orthopedic implants

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on the mechanical and microstructural evolution of a β-type Ti-40.7Zr–24.8Nb alloy

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Bioactive Materials 2019年第1期4卷 303-311页

作者： Sertan Ozan Jixing Lin Weijie Weng Yaowu Zhang Yuncang Li Cuie Wen School of Engineering RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoria3083Australia Department of Mechanical Engineering Yozgat Bozok University66100YozgatTurkey Advanced Material Research and Development Center Zhejiang Industry&Trade Vocational CollegeWenzhouZhejiang325003China

In this study,the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a newly developed Ti-40.7Zr-24.8Nb(TZN)alloy after different thermomechanical processes were examined.As-cast TZN alloy plates were solutiontreated at 890℃ for 1 h,after which the thickness of the alloy plates was reduced by cold rolling at reduction ratios of 20%,56%,76%,and 86%.Stress-induced α”formation,{332}β mechanical twinning,and kink band formation were observed in the cold-rolled TZN alloy samples.In the TZN sample after cold rolling at the 86%reduction ratio plus a recrystallization annealing at 890℃ for 1 h,the deformation products of a stressinducedα”phase,{332}β mechanical twinning,and kink bands disappeared,resulting in a fine,equiaxed singleβ phase.The alloy samples exhibited elongation at rupture ranging from 7%to 20%,Young's modulus ranging from 63 to 72 GPa and tensile strength ranging from 753 to 1158 MPa.The TZN alloy sample after cold rolling and recrystallization annealing showed a yield strength of 803 MPa,a tensile strength of 848 MPa,an elongation at rupture of 20%,and an elastic admissible strain of 1.22%,along with the most ductile fractures during tensile testing.

关键词： TZN(Ti-Nb-Zr)alloy orthopedic implants Thermomechanical process Deformation mechanism Mechanical properties