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Migration for survival under natural disasters:A reluctant and passive choice for agriculturalists in historical China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第12期60卷 2089-2096页

作者： PEI Qing Department of Social Sciences the Education University of Hong KongHong KongChina

This study quantitatively investigates the long-term dynamics of the association between natural disasters and the migration of agriculturists in historical China. Population pressure is also studied because migration is a population density-dependent phenomenon. This study has adopted correlation analysis, multivariate linear/Poisson regression analyses, and Granger causality analysis to verify the linkages of natural disaster-migration and population-migration in historical China by collecting updated datasets. This study is the first attempt to reveal that the duration effects of natural disasters on the migration of agriculturalists are short-term and almost instantaneous. Although the agrarian society has a low buffering capacity, the effects of natural disasters within a short-term scale could be relieved to some extent. However, population pressure can push migration on a long-term scale despite its limited forcefulness.

关键词： natural disasters Agriculturalists'migration Population pressure Empirical analysis Historical China

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A Relationship between Solar Activity and Frequency of natural disasters in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2003年第6期20卷 934-939页

作者：王钟睿冯松汤懋苍 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000 Climate and Bio-Atmospheric Sciences Group School of Natural Resource SciencesUniversity of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA

The relationship between the length of the solar cycle, a good indicator of long-term change in solar activity, and natural disasters (drought, flood, and strong earthquakes) in China during the last 108 yearsis analyzed. The results suggest that the length of solar cycle may be a useful indicator for drought/flood and strong earthquakes. When the solar activity strengthens, we see the length of the solar cycle shorten and more floods occur in South China and frequent strong earthquakes happen in the Tibetan Plateau, but the droughts in East China as well as the strong earthquakes in Taiwan and at the western boundary of China are very few. The opposite frequencies occur when the solar activity weakens. The current study indicates that the solar activity may play an important role in the climate extremes and behavior in the lithosphere.

关键词： length of the solar cycle natural disasters drought flood earthquake

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Catalysts or Barriers?The Impacts of natural disasters on Internal Labor Migration in China

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China & World Economy 2024年第2期32卷 160-199页

作者： Xingyu Zhou Liu Han Jidong Chen Department of Political Science University of RochesterUS School of Finance Zhongnan University of Economics and LawChina School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua UniversityChina

This paper discusses ways in which negative economic shocks captured by natural disasters can shape internal labor migration in *** impact of negative economic shocks on migration depends on the combination of two opposite driving forces:(i)negative economic shocks can make staying in the affected area less profitable,thus enhancing returns to migration;(ii)the shocks can make it more difficult to migrate out,thus inducing a higher fixed cost of *** on a nationwide dataset of China,this paper shows that when natural disasters were not severe,they caused migration out of rural *** sufficiently severe damage,however,the negative effect of natural disasters could be mitigated by villages'prior migrant ***,with a severe shock,only clan members were able to migrate in response to natural disasters and enjoyed the complementary effects of prior migrant networks,as they could receive more help from social capital.

关键词： family clans internal labor migration migrant networks natural disasters

Major natural disasters and their spatio-temporal variation in the history of China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第6期22卷 963-976页

作者：刘毅杨宇李莉 Institute of Geographic Sciences and natural Resources Research CAS Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Academy of China Development Bank

Based on historical documents and records this paper analyzes the characteristics of frequency and distribution of major disasters that took place in the history of China. The findings show that occurrences of different types of disasters varied and spatial pattern at provincial level are significantly different as well. The results also indicate that there is a strong relationship between type of disasters and spatial distribution and that the spatial pattern of losses was not the same as that of the frequency. The reasons are：（1） the haz- ard-formative environments which, to a large extent, determine the spatial pattern of the disasters are significantly different; （2） the losses caused by natural disasters were closely related to the concentration of economy and population. Number of deaths was usually large in areas where agriculture, culture and business were relatively developed. The spatial pattern of disaster losses is an evitable result of uneven economic development in the history of China.

关键词： natural disasters spatial pattern historical period China

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natural disasters cause, course, effect, simulation

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The Recurrence of natural disasters in Jowhar, Middle Shabelle Region, Somalia: The Causes and Impacts

1998年

作者： Frater Harald

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2022年第9期13卷 657-670页

作者： Mohamed Ali Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Mst. Mahmuda Parvin Predrag Ilić Department of Environmental Science Stamford University Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Public and Environmental Health Somali International University Mogadishu Somali PSRI Institute for Protection and Ecology of the Republic of Srpska Banja Luka Bosnia and Herzegovina

natural disasters usually involve a phenomenon with consequences that exceed the response capabilities of local communities and have a significant impact on the region’s socioeconomic development. Droughts, floods, and hurricanes are all natural disasters that jeopardize the environment and the lives of Somalis. Severe floods have devastated the south and central parts of the country multiple times, destroying infrastructure and homes and killing many vulnerable people. Droughts in the south and central parts of the country, particularly in the Middle Shebelle region, have killed a number of children and mothers. It also had a negative influence on crops and cattle. Objective of this study is to know the recurrence of natural disasters in Jowhar, Middle Shabelle region, Somalia: The Causes and Impacts. The Somali people are completely aware of natural disasters such as droughts and floods, and they are self-sufficient in dealing with the consequences of these disasters. Furthermore, the Somali government has not fully created environmental laws to protect and conserve the environment, and the majority of laws, rules, acts, and regulations are not used or administered effectively. We also found that the Somali government is not yet financially prepared to deal with these crises, and that there are no strategic plans in the central government or even state administrations to prevent or at least control these disasters from causing extreme harm to the community and the environment.

关键词： natural disasters Floods and Droughts Causes Impacts of the Environment

Geostatistical Analysis of the Colorada and Quimichule Canyons Located in Popocatépetl Volcano (Mexico) for the Prevention of natural disasters

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International Journal of Geosciences 2016年第5期7卷 701-715页

作者： Rogelio Ramos-Aguilar Patricia Máximo-Romero Blanca Susana Soto-Cruz Salvador Alcántara-Iniesta María de la Cruz Vázquez-García Engineering School Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Research Center of Semiconductor Devices Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Bufete in Telecommunications and Systems Engineering México City México

This paper aims to contribute to the prevention of natural disasters and generate a complement to other similar studies. The Popocatépetl volcano has showed significant and constant activity since 1994. The Colorada and Quimichule canyons are located within its geologic structure;due to their topographic features, ejected volcanic material and torrential rains in the past recent years, they put nearby communities at risk. This work presents a geostatistical analysis to obtain the gravity acceleration, slope by the distance-elevation relation, height-gravity and the fluid force on the canyons. The conversion of UTM to geographical coordinates was made with the use of the program Traninv applying the ITRF2008 epoch 2010.0 Datum and the 14 Zone;the local gravity was calculated with the use of International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) and the statistical analysis was obtained with the use of the Geostatistical Environmental Assessment. The structural modeling was performed using Surfer, and the spending and force were calculated using hydrological models. The correlation analysis concluded that Quimichule has the greatest gravity and that it would transport lahars faster. Mapping, geomorphological and statistical techniques and models were applied in accordance with the study to obtain the results presented here.

关键词： natural disasters Geostatistical Force Acceleration Gravity

Evaluating Effective Pediatric Psychological Trauma Treatments Post-Traumatic natural disasters

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2022年第3期12卷 246-268页

作者： Shivani Jayaprakasam Independent author Redmond USA

What are the best treatment approaches for children experiencing trauma after natural disasters? Historically, the U.S. emergency response system has not provided psychological support to communities impacted by disasters. Instead, the traditional emergency response community focused on ensuring the physical survival of the individuals and communities that it protects. The goal of all disaster interventions, whether physical or psychological in nature, is to restore the individual to his/her level of pre-disaster functioning. Emphasizing psychological intervention and treatment after disasters is essential in restoring health in individuals post-trauma because mental health is necessary for proper physical health, forming of coping mechanisms, and the ability of individuals to move past the trauma and lead normal lives. At young ages, the body is still developing mentally and physically, meaning the impact of a traumatic event may be completely different from that of most adults. For example, children have greater thought suppression, which leads to an associated increase in PTSD and internalizing behaviors. Thus, children require a different treatment approach to ensure that trauma is not long-lasting and prevalent in future adult life, such as through trouble expressing and regulating emotions, as well as vulnerability to future exposure to stress, which may negatively impact individuals’ identity and interpersonal abilities. The purpose of this review paper is to evaluate various memory-related disorders to then explain the pros and cons of various treatment approaches based on their efficiency in treating PTSD-related symptoms post-natural disasters in children. This review identifies the best pediatric trauma treatment approaches used after natural disasters, highlighting a lack of efficient, effective, and specific psychological treatments. By comparing various existing psychological treatments, this paper provides future directions for research by identifying

关键词： natural disasters Pediatric Psychology Mental Health Trauma Psychotherapy CISD CBT CPT Prolonged Exposure TF-CBT Psychological First Aid

Historical Changes of Ningxia natural disasters and Its Reason Analysis

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Meteorological and Environmental Research 2010年第12期1卷 67-70,81页

作者：丁建军冯建民梁旭陈晓娟宁夏气象台宁夏银川750002 宁夏气象防灾减灾重点实验室宁夏银川750002 宁夏气候中心宁夏银川750002

A quantitative model is built and the historical variation of natural disasters is analyzed in this paper,by using materials as affected area(damaged area),affected population(dead and injured),casualty of livestock,collapsed houses(damaged houses),decrease of crops yield,economic loss(direct and indirect) and price index over the same period of Ningxia natural disasters(include drought,flood,gale and hail,frost,pest disasters and other disasters) during 1978-2007,and applying gray correlation analysis *** long-term changes trend of natural disasters is analyzed by the application of the least squares method for linear trend,and the oscillation period is analyzed by using the maximum entropy statistical *** is found that natural disasters have basically 2 to 3 years of variation period either in the whole region or in the individual regions;from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s,Ningxia is in an oscillation period with disasters attacked frequently in decadal and interannual scale under the background of climate;the increase of damage intensity of natural disasters slow down and tends to decrease since 2000.

关键词： Ningxia natural disasters Historical changes Reason analysis China