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Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第6期13卷 1591-1609页

作者： Ran Xu Elijah G.Kiarie Alexandros Yiannikouris Lvhui Sun Niel A.Karrow Department of Animal Biosciences University of GuelphGuelphON N1G 2W1Canada Alltech Inc. Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition3031 Catnip HillRoadNicholasvilleKY 40356USA Hubei Hongshan Laboratory College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina.

mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide.Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products,and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion,absorption,metabolism,and animal physiology.Thus,mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals.Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination,mitigation strategies are needed.This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins,deoxynivalenol,zearalenone,fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.

关键词： Food animals Mitigation strategies mycotoxins Nutritional impact Risk management Susceptibility differences

Recent advances in immunoassays and biosensors for mycotoxins detection in feedstuffs and foods

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第2期13卷 365-383页

作者： Runxian Li Yang Wen Fenglai Wang Pingli He State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China

mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungus.Many mycotoxin species are highly toxic and are frequently found in cereals and feedstuffs.So,powerful detection methods are vital and effective ways to prevent feed contamination.Traditional detection methods can no longer meet the needs of massive,real-time,simple,and fast mycotoxin monitoring.Rapid detection methods based on advanced material and sensor technology are the future trend.In this review,we highlight recent progress of mycotoxin rapid detection strategies in feedstuffs and foods,especially for simultaneous multiplex mycotoxin determination.Immunoassays,biosensors,and the prominent roles of nanomaterials are introduced.The principles of different types of recognition and signal transduction are explained,and the merits and pitfalls of these methods are compared.Furthermore,limitations and challenges of existing rapid sensing strategies and perspectives of future research are discussed.

关键词： Biosensors Immunoassays Multiple detection mycotoxins Nanomaterials Rapid detection

Impact of mycotoxins and their metabolites associated with food grains

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Grain & Oil Science and Technology 2023年第1期6卷 1-9页

作者： Chennappa Gurikar D.P.Shivaprasad Luis Sabillón N.A.Nanje Gowda Kaliramesh Siliveru Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences BangaloreIndia Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA Department of Family and Consumer Sciences New Mexico State UniversityLas CrusesNMUSA

mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites synthesized by numerous filamentous fungi including members of the genus Fusarium,Penicillium,Drechslera,Aspergillus,Claviceps,Monascum,Alternaria,Cephalosporium,Nigrospora,and Trichoderma.Among them,Aspergillus and Fusarium species are major plant pathogens recognized to induce infection and produce mycotoxins in food crops.More than 400 mycotoxins have been documented and among them,aflatoxin,fumonisins,trichothecenes,zearalenone,ochratoxin A,citrinin,ergot alkaloids,and patulin are the most prominent compounds linked to a variety of human and animal health disorders.Genus Fusarium and Aspergillus belong to a saprophytic group,which can infect and contaminate many crops at pre and post-harvest stages.mycotoxins can have a variety of negative effects on health in both humans and animals.mycotoxins and their metabolites can cause severe acute poisoning,which can result in death,as well as long-term negative health effects,such as cancer and immune-suppressive disorders in living beings(animals and humans).Mycotoxin contamination of agricultural goods has gained global significance,due to its toxic effects on living beings,as well as its importance to international trade.Our objective is to provide a consolidated information on the potential mycotixs in food grains and their significant impact on the health of the human beings.

关键词： mycotoxins Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium Carcinogen Contamination Aflatoxins Fumonisins

Multiple characteristic structure fragments scans coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry strategy for discovering unknown structural analogs of mycotoxins in food

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Journal of Future Foods 2022年第2期2卷 167-176页

作者： Dongwei Cui Xiuli Xu Xiujuan Wang Feng Zhang Fengming Chen Tong Liu Han Wang Yuan Zhang Yaxuan Song Xuesong Feng Institute of Food Safety Chinese Academy of Inspection&QuarantineBeijing 100176China School of Pharmacy China Medical UniversityShenyang 110122China Department of Pharmacy Shenzhen Children’s HospitalShenzhen 518034China

The cereals and their products,which have been easily infected by fungi and contaminated with mycotoxins,are serious threat to both human and animals alike.And yet,detection of these unknown fungal infection and mycotoxins contaminates remains a great challenge.In this work,a holistic approach based on multiple characteristic structure fragments scans and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)was proposed for discovering unknown structural analogues of mycotoxins.The structural similarity of the same class of compounds provides a direction for the discovery and identification of unknown structural analogues of mycotoxins.The following steps were carried out:the fragmentation pathways of four types of mycotoxins were elucidated through comprehensive fragment analysis.By the combination of fragmentation pathways,the multiple characteristic structure fragments were screened out,with the common fragments were obtained by Veen diagram.Finally multiple characteristic structure fragments scans were carried out to find the unknown structural analogues of mycotoxins.The approach,first proposed by us,was proved to be effective in discovering and identifying 5 structural analogues of mycotoxins in real samples.It was proved to be a simple,fast and accurate method for early detection of fungal infection and mycotoxin contaminants,even for trace amounts of chemicals in complex matrix,and is of great significance to prevent hazardous substances infection from the food supply chains worldwide.

关键词： mycotoxins Fragmentation pathways Multiple characteristic structure fragments scans HRMS

An overview on the major mycotoxins in food products:characteristics,toxicity,and analysis

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Journal of Future Foods 2022年第2期2卷 91-102页

作者： Raghda A.El-Sayed Ali B.Jebur Wenyi Kang Fatma M.El-Demerdash Department of Environmental Studies Institute of Graduate Studies and ResearchAlexandria UniversityAlexandria 21526Egypt Department of Animal Production College of AgricultureUniversity of KerbalaKerbala 56001Iraq National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology Henan UniversityKaifeng 475004China

mycotoxins are potentially hazardous secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi(molds).These small molecular weight compounds(often less than 1000 Da)are found in nature and are almost unavoidable.They can infiltrate our food chain either directly or indirectly through contaminated plant-based food components or toxigenic fungal development on food.mycotoxins can build up in ripening corn,cereals,soybeans,sorghum,peanuts,and other food and feed crops in the field and during transportation.Humans and animals can get sick from eating mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed,which can result in acute or chronic poisoning.In addition to worries regarding direct consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and feeds,the public is concerned about the possibility of ingesting mycotoxin residues or metabolites in animal-derived food products such as meat,milk,or eggs.Three fungal genera dominate mycotoxin production:Aspergillus,Fusarium,and Penicillium.Although more than 300 mycotoxins have been found,only six of them(aflatoxins,trichothecenes,zearalenone,fumonisins,ochratoxins,and patulin)are consistently detected in food,posing unpredictability and continuous food safety issues worldwide.This article focused on some of them,which are typically found in foods that have been contaminated by one or more of these mycotoxins.

关键词： Fungi mycotoxins Occurrence Analysis Toxicity

Impacts of weaning weights and mycotoxin challenges on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota,intestinal and systemic health,and growth performance of nursery pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第5期13卷 1440-1457页

作者： D.M.Holanda S.W.Kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh 27695USA

Background:This study aimed at investigating the effects of mycotoxin challenge on the growth and physiology of nursery pigs with different weaning weights.Results:At weaning,10 pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and 90 pigs were assigned following a randomized complete block design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 pigs per pen.Factors were:weaning weight(light:body weight,BW9.0 kg);and dietary mycotoxins(supplementation of 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxins,2.0 mg/kg deoxynivalenol).All diets had titanium dioxide as an external marker at 0.5%.Growth performance and fecal score were recorded until pigs achieved 20 kg BW(light pigs average BW=21.1 kg and heavy pigs average BW=20.5 kg).Pigs were sampled for blood,ileal digesta,jejunal tissue and mucosa at 20 kg BW.Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS.At weaning,light pigs had decreased(Pmycotoxins decreased(Pmycotoxins decreased the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen(Pmycotoxins tended to increase(P=0.060)intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α.Conclusions:Nursery pigs with light weaning weight were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and had impaired intestinal health due to weaning stress,whereas mycotoxins diminished the health and growth of nursery pigs regardless of weaning weight.

关键词： Growth Health mycotoxins Nursery pig Weaning weight

mycotoxins and the intestine

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Animal Nutrition 2015年第4期1卷 262-265页

作者： Leon Broom Anpario PLC Manton Wood Enterprise Park

Fungal biochemical pathways can yield various compounds that are not considered to be necessary for their growth and are thus referred to as secondary metabolites. These compounds have been found to have wide ranging biological effects and include potent poisons(mycotoxins). mycotoxins invariably contaminate crops and(thus) animal feeds. The intestine is the key link between ingested mycotoxins and their detrimental effects on the animal. Effects on the intestine, or intestinal environment, and immune system have been reported with various mycotoxins. These effects are almost certainly occurring across species. Most, if not all, of the reported effects of mycotoxins are negative in terms of intestinal health, for example, decreased intestinal cell viability, reductions in short chain fatty acid(SCFA)concentrations and elimination of beneficial bacteria, increased expression of genes involved in promoting inflammation and counteracting oxidative stress. This challenge to intestinal health will predispose the animal to intestinal(and systemic) infections and impair efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients, with the associated effect on animal productivity.

关键词： Fungi Gut health Immunity Intestine Microorganisms mycotoxins

An integrated pest management program for managing fusarium head blight disease in cereals

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2022年第12期21卷 3434-3444页

作者： CHEN A-hai Tofazzal ISLAM MA Zhong-hua State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058P.R.China Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering(IBGE) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur 1706Bangladesh

Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a worldwide devastating disease of small grain cereals and Fusarium graminearum species complex(FGSC)is the major pathogen causing the disease.The epidemics of FHB lead to the reduction of grain yield and economic losses.Additionally,mycotoxins produced by the FHB pathogens are hazardous to the health of human and livestock.In this review,we summarize the epidemiology of FHB,and introduce effects of this disease on economy,environment and food safety.We focus on the integrated management approaches for controlling FHB including agronomic practices,resistant cultivars,chemical control,and biocontrol.In addition,we also discuss the potential novel management strategies against FHB and mycotoxin.

关键词： fusarium head blight Fusarium graminearum integrated pest management program mycotoxins

Review on biological degradation of mycotoxins

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Animal Nutrition 2016年第3期2卷 127-133页

作者： Cheng Ji Yu Fan Lihong Zhao State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural University

The worldwide contamination of feeds and foods with mycotoxins is a significant problem. mycotoxins pose huge health threat to animals and humans. As well, mycotoxins bring enormous economic losses in food industry and animal husbandry annually. Thus, strategies to eliminate or inactivate mycotoxins in food and feed are urgently needed. Traditional physical and chemical methods have some limitations such as limited efficacy, safety issues, losses in the nutritional value and the palatability of feeds, as well as the expensive equipment required to implement these techniques. Biological degradation of mycotoxins has shown promise because it works under mild, environmentally friendly conditions. Aflatoxin(AF), zearalenone(ZEA) and deoxynivalenol(DON) are considered the most economically important mycotoxins in terms of their high prevalence and significant negative effects on animal performance.Therefore, this review will comprehensively describe the biological degradation of AF, ZEA and DON by microorganisms(including fungi and bacteria) and specific enzymes isolated from microbial systems that can convert mycotoxins with varied efficiency to non-or less toxic products. Finally, some strategies and advices on existing difficulties of biodegradation research are also briefly proposed in this paper.

关键词： Biological degradation mycotoxins Aflatoxins Zearalenone Deoxynivalenol