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Impaired motor control after sport-related concussion could increase risk for musculoskeletal injury:Implications for clinical management and rehabilitation

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2021年第2期10卷 154-161页

作者： Terese L.Chmielewski Justin Tatman Shuhei Suzuki MaryBeth Horodyski Darcy S.Reisman Russell M.Bauer James R.Clugston Daniel C.Herman TRIA Orthopedic Center BloomingtonMN 55431USA ATP Tour Inc. Ponte Vedra BeachFL 32082USA Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32607USA Department of Physical Therapy University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA Department of Clinical and Health Psychology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Department of Community Health&Family Medicine University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32603USA

This review presents a conceptual framework and supporting evidence that links impaired motor control after sport-related concussion(SRC)to increased risk for musculoskeletal injury.Multiple studies have found that athletes who are post-SRC have higher risk for musculoskeletal injury compared to their counterparts.A small body of research suggests that impairments in motor control are associated with musculoskeletal injury risk.motor control involves the perception and processing of sensory information and subsequent coordination of motor output within the central nervous system to perform a motor task.motor control is inclusive of motor planning and motor learning.If sensory information is not accurately perceived or there is interference with sensory information processing and cognition,motor function will be altered,and an athlete may become vulnerable to injury during sport participation.Athletes with SRC show neuroanatomic and neurophysiological changes relevant to motor control even after meeting return to sport criteria,including a normal neurological examination,resolution of symptoms,and return to baseline function on traditional concussion testing.In conjunction,altered motor function is demonstrated after SRC in muscle activation and force production,movement patterns,balance/postural stability,and motor task performance,especially performance of a motor task paired with a cognitive task(i.e.,dual-task condition).The clinical implications of this conceptual framework include a need to intentionally address motor control impairments after SRC to mitigate musculoskeletal injury risk and to monitor motor control as the athlete progresses through the return to sport continuum.

关键词： Clinical management Concussion Injury motor control Rehabilitation

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Brain motor control function in a patient with subacute, ncomplete, asymmetrical spinal cord injury

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Chinese Medical Journal 2010年第13期123卷 1812-1814页

作者： LIU Shu-jia WANG Yi WEI Peng-xu XU Jian-min LI Jian-jun Department of Spine and Spinal Injury Surgery China Rehabilitation Research Center Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine Beijing 100068 China Department of Clinical Laboratory China Rehabilitation Research Center Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine Beijing 100068 China Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine China Rehabilitation Research Center Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine Beijing 100068 China Department of Radiology China Rehabilitation Research Center Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine Beijing 100068 China

Spinal cord injury （SCI） is a major cause of disability. A serious consequence of SCI is the loss or partialloss of motor control. A number of therapies are currently being developed for restoring motor function in SCI patients. However, such approaches generally require intact neural motor systems for driving limb movements. There is evidence that SCI can generate such conditions in the brain,

关键词： motor control functional magnetic resonance imaging spinal cord injury

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motor control Network Effective Connectivity in Regulating Muscle Force Output

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Natural Science 2021年第2期13卷 9-17页

作者： Soha Saleh Zhiguo Jiang Guang H. Yue Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering Research Kessler Foundation 1199 Pleasant Valley Way West Orange NJ USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark NJ USA

Objective of the study: This study aimed at characterizing output features of the higher-order motor control centers (hoMCCs), including secondary (premotor cortex [Pre] and supplementary motor area [SMA]) and association (prefrontal cortex [PFC]) motor regions to the primary motor cortex (M1) during graded force tasks. It is well known that one of the major roles of the primary motor cortex (M1) is controlling motor output such as muscle force. However, it is unclear how the hoMCCs interact with M1 in regulating voluntary muscle contractions. Methods: fMRI data was acquired during graded force tasks and fMRI-based effective connectivity (EC) and muscle force analyses were performed to study the relationship between hoMCCs-M1 effective connectivity and voluntarily exerted handgrip force. Results: The results show that there is a consistent information flow from the hoMCCs to M1 under all force conditions, suggesting a hierarchical control mechanism in the brain in regulating voluntary muscle force. Only the premotor cortex exhibited a significant role in mediating the level of force production through its EC with M1 but that role diminished when the exerted force was high, suggesting perhaps a ceiling and/or fatigue effect on the EC. A flip in the direction of EC from the primary sensory cortex (S1) to the hoMCCs (PFC, SMA, and Pre) at lower force levels while at higher forces EC was observed from the hoMCCs to S1. Conclusion: The hoMCCs regulate M1 output to produce desired voluntary muscle force. Only the Pre-to-M1 connectivity strength directly correlates with the force level especially from low to moderate levels. The hoMCCs are involved in modulating higher force production likely by strengthening M1 output and downgrading inhibition from S1 to M1.

关键词： Sensorimotor System Force Regulation Effective Connectivity motor control

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The measurement of proprioceptive accuracy:A systematic literature review

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2023年第2期12卷 219-225页

作者： Àron Horváth Eszter Ferentzi Kristóf Schwartz Nina Jacobs Pieter Meyns Ferenc Köteles Doctoral School of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityKazinczy street 23-27Budapest 1075Hungary Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences ELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityPrielle Kornélia Street 47-49Budapest 1117Hungary Rehabilitation Research(REVAL) Faculty of Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of HasseltMartelarenlaan 42Hasselt 3500Belgium

Background:Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual’s ability to perceive proprioceptive information,that is,the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system,which originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors located in the skin.Proprioceptive accuracy appears to be an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning;however,no widely accepted standard assessment exists.In this systematic review,our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy.Methods:A literature search was conducted in 5 different databases(PubMed,SPORTDiscus,PsycINFO,ScienceDirect,and SpringerLink).Results:Overall,1139 scientific papers reporting 1346 methods were included in this review.The methods assess 8 different aspects of proprioception:(a)the perception of joint position,(b)movement and movement extent,(c)trajectory,(d)velocity,and the sense of(e)force,(f)muscle tension,(g)weight,and(h)size.They apply various paradigms of psychophysics(i.e.,the method of adjustment,constant stimuli,and limits).Conclusion:As the outcomes of different tasks with respect to various body parts show no associations(i.e.,proprioceptive accuracy is characterized by site-specificity and method-specificity),the appropriate measurement method for the task needs to be chosen based on theoretical considerations and/or ecological validity.

关键词： Assessment Kinesthesia motor control Proprioception Proprioceptive accuracy

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Nicotinic acetylcholine signaling is required for motor learning but not for rehabilitation from spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第2期18卷 364-367页

作者： Yue Li Edmund R.Hollis II Burke Neurological Institute White PlainsNYUSA Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA Current address:Department of Neuroscience University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA

Therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury is limited,with many approaches relying on strengthening the remaining substrate and driving recovery through rehabilitative training.As compared with learning novel compensatory strategies,rehabilitation focuses on resto ring movements lost to injury.Whether rehabilitation of previously learned movements after spinal cord injury requires the molecular mechanisms of motor learning,or if it engages previously trained motor circuits without requiring novel learning remains an open question.In this study,mice we re randomly assigned to receive intrape ritoneal injection with the pan-nicotinic,non-competitive antagonist mecamylamine and the nicotinicα7 subunit selective antagonist methyllycaconitine citrate salt or vehicle(normal saline)prior to motor learning assays,then randomly reassigned after motor learning for rehabilitation study post-injury.Ce rvical spinal co rd dorsal column lesion was used as a model of in complete injury.Results of this study showed that nicotinic acetylcholine signaling was required for motor learning of the single pellet-reaching task but it was dispensable for the rehabilitation of the same task after injury.Our findings indicate that critical diffe rences exist between the molecular mechanisms supporting compensatory motor learning strategies and the restoration of behavior lost to spinal cord injury.

关键词： acetylcholine basal forebrain corticospinal tract dorsal column lesion mecamylamine methyllycaconitine motor control rehabilitation rotarod single pellet-reaching task

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A role for orexin in central vestibular motor control

A role for orexin in central vestibular motor control

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中国神经科学学会第九届全国学术会议暨第五次会员代表大会

作者： Jun ZHANG~(**),Bin LI~(**),Lei YU,Ye-Cheng HE,Hong-Zhao LI,Jing-Ning ZHU~*,Jian-Jun WANG~* Department of Biological Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,School of Life Sciences,Mailbox 426,Nanjing University,22 Hankou Road,Nanjing 210093,China

The last decade has witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of orexin (also known as hypocretin),a novel neuropeptide first identified in 1998.As a neurotransmitter system originating uniquely from the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area but projecting extensively to almost the whole brain,the central orexinergic system has been implicated in many basic nonsomatic functions,including the sleep/wake states, feeding,and reward processes.However,whether the central orexinergic system has a role in somatic motor control remains enigmatic.Intriguingly,orexin deficiency in humans,dogs,and rodents results in cataplexy,a motor deficit characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone,highlighting the possibility of a modulatory role for orexin in motor control.But,since cataplexy is closely related to narcolepsy and often triggered by strong emotions,whether the effect of orexin on motor system is secondary to its actions on the neural circuits controlling sleep or emotions is not clear.In the present study,to reveal the exact relationship between the central orexinergic system and motor control, the effects of orexin on the lateral vestibular nucleus(LVN),which holds a key position in control of muscle tone and posture and receives orexinergic innervation,and the underlying mechanisms were investigated at molecular, cellular,and behavioral levels.First,RT-PCR and immunofluorescence results both showed that orexin 1(OX,) and orexin 2(OX) receptors are presented in the LVN in rats.Using brain slice preparations and whole-cell patch clamp recordings,a dose-dependent inward current elicited by orexin-A were observed in giant LVN neurons(diameter > 35μm,Deiters’ neurons).The orexin-A-elicited inward currents on the LVN neurons were not only partly blocked by selective OX,receptor antagonist SB334867 but also mimicked by selective OX receptor agonist[Ala,Z)-Leu]orexin -B,indicating that the orexin-A-induced excitation is mediated by both OX,and OX receptors.Moreover, tetrodotoxin did not bl

关键词： orexin central orexmergic system lateral vestibular nucleus motor control cataplexy

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Histamine excites cerebellar neurons and modulates cerebellar motor control

Histamine excites cerebellar neurons and modulates cerebella...

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中国神经科学学会第四次会员代表大会暨第八届全国学术会议

作者： Jian-Jun WANG~*,Jing-Ning ZHU,Jun ZHANG,Qian-Xing ZHUANG,Ye-Cheng HE Department of Biological Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,School of Life Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China

Central histaminergic nervous system,originating from the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus, widely innervates almost the whole brain including the cerebellar cortex and nuclei.However,the functional significance of the histaminergic afferent fibers in the cerebellum has remained enigmatic.Using rat brain slice preparations,we investigated the effects of histamine on neuronal activity of the cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells(PC) and nuclear(fastigial, interpositus and dentate nuclei) neurons.Perfusing slices with histamine produced both the cerebellar PC and nuclear neurons a concentration-dependent excitatory response,which was not blocked by low-Ca/high-Mg medium,suggesting a direct postsynaptic action of the amine.Moreover,the results showed that the histamine-induced excitations on cerebellar PC and nuclear neurons were mediated by the histamine H2 receptors.Whole-cell patch recordings further revealed that the excitatory effect of histamine on cerebellar nuclear neurons was highly selective,i.e.,histamine only excited projection neurons rather than interneurons in the cerebellar nuclei,which is consistent with our immunofluorescence histochemical results that histamine H2 receptors only presented in the projection neurons rather than interneurons in the cerebellar nuclei.In addition,the histamine-induced excitation on cerebellar nuclear projection neurons were found to be evoked by the depolarization of membrane potential through activation of the hyperpolarization-activated cation channels(Ih channels).Microinjections of histamine and histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit in the cerebellar fastigial or interpositus nuclei in vivo both improved rat motor behaviors on rota-rod treadmill and balance beam.All these results demonstrate that histamine excites cerebellar cortical and nuclear neurons and consequently improves motor balance and coordination,suggesting that central histaminergic system may actively participate in central motor control and somaticvisceral integration via its direct innerv

关键词： histamine cerebellum central histaminergic system motor control

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The spinal circuitry:a functional unit of the brain for motor control

The spinal circuitry:a functional unit of the brain for moto...

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中国神经科学学会第四次会员代表大会暨第八届全国学术会议

作者： Ning LAN Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030

＜正＞The spinal motoneurons（MNs） extend a connection between the motor cortex in the brain and the peripheral neuromuscular apparatus that executes movements.It is perplexing to find a complex circuitry existed in the spinal cord interweaving the MNs via spinal interneurons（IN）.The extensive convergence of proprioceptive afferents to the interneuronal networks suggests important roles that may be played by these circuits.Yet,it is disappointing that the functional use of these circuits in motor control has not been clear,even though their neuronal links have long been identified.In this report,we introduce a computational approach aimed at revealing the functional role of spinal circuits in motor control.The approach relies on an integrative,multi-scale modeling of the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor system with realistic neural physiological properties.The motor behaviors of the regulated system can be simulated with various scenarios of reflex configurations and feedback gains.Simulation results indicated that the nonlinear biomechanical and physiological properties of the musculoskeletal system play a significant constraint to the ability to achieve a wide range of equilibrium position from an initial position with low feedback gains.A movement command is necessary to transfer the arm from one region associated to a particular initial position to another,and an adaptive strategy may be programmed to facilitate gain scheduling associated to a particular region.This is consistent with recent experimental findings that suggest separate control of movement and position by the brain.It is promising that a computational approach combined with experimental probing is emerging to provide new insights into the spinal mechanism of motor control.

关键词： motor cortex spinal circuits reflexes sensorimotor system muscles spindles GTOs biomechanics motor control

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HTS Levitation and Transportation with Linear motor control

HTS Levitation and Transportation with Linear Motor Control

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第二十六届中国控制会议

作者： Jin Jianxun 1,Guo Youguang 2,Chen Jiaxin 2,Zheng Luhai 1,Zhu Jianguo 2 1.Center of Applied Superconductivity and Electrical Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,ChengDu,SiChuan,610054,P.R.China2.Faculty of Engineering,University of Technology,Sydney,PO Box 123,Broadway,NSW 2007,Australia

High temperature superconductor(HTS)bulk can produce strong levitation force and has attracted strong interest of application in maglev transportation systems,to which a linear motion drive has advantages to be incorporated.This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a linear synchronous motor drive for a levitated object by HTS bulks.The analysis results show that the developed linear motor scheme can effectively drive and control the HTS levitated transporter.

关键词： High Temperature Superconductor Magnetic Levitation Maglev Linear motor motor control

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Central histaminergic modulation on subcortical centers of motor control

Central histaminergic modulation on subcortical centers of m...

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中国神经科学学会第四次会员代表大会暨第七届全国学术会议

作者： Jian-Jun WANG~*,Jing-Ning ZHU,Kun CHEN,Yue-Ning SONG,Hong-Zhao LI,Chun-Li GUO Department of Biological Science and Technology,School of Life Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China

＜正＞Central histaminergic nervous system originates from the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus and widely innervates almost the whole brain including some subcortical motor structures.It has been demonstrated that the histaminergic system plays a general modulatory role in many basic body functions,such as the sleep-waking cycle, energy and endocrine homeostasis,synaptic plasticity and learning.However,the functional significance of histaminergic afferent fibers in the central motor structures has remained enigmatic.Using rat brain slice preparations,we investigated the effect of histamine on neuronal activity of three important subcortical motor centers including cerebellum,globus pallidus（GP）,and red nucleus（RN）.The results show that histamine excites the cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells,cerebellar nuclear neurons,GP（both internal and external segments） neurons,and RN（both magnocellular and parvocellular） neurons.Also,the excitatory effect of histamine on all these cells was directly mediated by postsynaptic histamine H2 instead of H1 receptors.Based on the above in vitro studies,we further examined histaminergic modulation on the cerebellar motor control in vivo.Histaminergic agents were bilaterally microinjected into the cerebellar interpositus nucleus of male rats,and their effects on the animals performing accelerating rota-rod and balance beam tasks were observed.The results demonstrate that histamine improves rat motor balance and coordination through activation of histamine H2 receptors in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus.It has been well known that the cerebellum participates in the motor balance and coordination,whereas the GP,an important substructure and output node within the basal ganglia,also plays an important role in the control of movement.Moreover,both the cerebellum and GP are under the instruction of cerebral cortex.On the other hand,the RN receives afferent inputs from the cerebral cortex and cerebellar interpositus nucleus,and constitutes the source of lateral descending sys

关键词： histamine cerebellum globus pallidus red nucleus motor control

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