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The Influence of Visible Light on the Consumption Rate of Expanded Polystyrene by Zophobas morio larvae

Advances in Entomology 2025年第1期13卷 107-119页

作者： Tyler J. Ferenz Daniel Boone Area High School Birdsboro PA USA

The process of disposing of expanded polystyrene (EPS) is by burning it in municipal incinerators. This process gives off EPS microplastics, which can find their way into water, food, blood, and major organ systems. Zophobas morio larvae are capable of consuming and breaking down EPS within their digestive tracts by minimizing the spread of microplastics. Studies of the consumption of EPS by Z. morio larvae are typically conducted under white or no visible light treatments. This study tested whether the color of visible light influenced the consumption rate of EPS by Z. morio larvae. If Z. morio larvae consume EPS under visible light, then visible light will influence the amount of EPS consumed. If results suggest that the consumption rate is influenced by visible light colors, then Z. morio larvae could be a solution for recycling EPS. This study’s procedure placed Z. morio larvae into 25 jars under one of six visible light treatments of red, yellow, green, blue, white, and no visible light. Each jar contained a pre-weighed block of EPS and six Z. morio larvae. After two weeks, the Z. morio larvae were removed from the jars, and the difference between each pre-weighed EPS block and the weight of the same partially consumed block was recorded in three trials. The data indicates that green and blue visible light treatments resulted in the greatest amount of EPS consumed by Z. morio larvae while the red and yellow had the least amount of EPS consumed by the Z. morio larvae. In conclusion, results indicate that green and blue visible light, compared to the no visible light treatment, could be used to influence the Z. morio larvae to consume more EPS. Green and blue visible light and Z. morio larvae could make the recycling process of EPS more environmentally friendly when used in households or by local environmental organizations.

关键词： Zophobas morio Z. morio Superworm larvae Visible Light Expanded Polystyrene EPS Styrofoam Consumption Rate Pollution Recycling Nanoplastics Microplastics

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Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma Major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2003年第1期15卷 47-54页

作者： YUQun ZHENGWei－yun 等 KeyLaboratoryofMarineEnvironmentalScienceforMinistryofEducation EnvironmentalScienceResearchCenterXiamenUniversityXiamen361005China KeyLaboratoryofMarineEnvironmentalScienceforMinistryofEducation E

Pagrosomus major larvae were exposed to the water soluble fraction of hydrocarbon in No.0 diesel oil (corresponding to No.2 fuel oil) at concentrations of 0, 0 17, 1.22 and 8 82 mg/L for up to 15 days. larvae were sampled on days 9 and l5 of the experiment. Supernatants of viscera tissue extractions were assayed for biochemical response in terms of oxidative stress superoxide dismutase(SOD), activity of selenium dependant glutathione peroxidase(Se GPx) and catalase(Ca), and the concentration of reduced glutathione(GSH). On day 9 of exposure, statistically significant dose related increases in Se GPx and SOD activity, and GSH concentration were observed in all cases except for Se GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon. However, on day l5 of exposure, a similar dose related response was only observed for Se GPx activity. GSH concentration decreased and SOD activity showed no statistical difference as compared to controls. However, a significant decrease in compared to day 9 Se GPx activity and GSH concentration, in contrast to increase SOD activity at day 15 as indicates an accelerated accumulation of H 2O 2 and potential oxidative damage under long term exposure of larvae to hydrocarbons. No statistical changes were observed in Ca activity throughout the experiment, possibly owing to the high efficiency of Se GPx. A recovery experiment was performed on indicating that the response of antioxidants measured tending to return to their control levels. These results prove the function of the antioxidant defense system of the larvae to the water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.

关键词： antioxidant system water soluble fraction of hydrocarbon Pagrosomus major larvae

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Nutrient effects of broodstocks on the larvae in Patinopecten yessoensis

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第4期33卷 988-996页

作者：柏雨岑张涛邱天龙高燕张晓芳 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute Zhangzi Island Fishery Group Ltd.

Patinopecten yessoensis is a commercial valuable species. This study deals with the effect of nutrient effects of the broodstock(mainly ovaries) on the larvae. Concentrations of total carbohydrate, total protein and total lipid in the gonads of P. yessoensis from three Hatcheries(Hatchery 1, Hatchery 2, and Hatchery 3) were determined before and after spawning. The relationship between the nutrient concentration in ovaries before spawning(BC) and that of larvae(LC) was assessed as well as the change in nutrient levels in ovaries after spawning(DC). Results indicate that the BC of total carbohydrate(7.66%) and total lipid(14.48%) in ovaries were significantly higher than in testes(5.20%, 5.20% respectively), whereas the BC of total protein in the ovaries was lower(61.76%) than in the testes(81.67%). The different gonadal composition suggests the different nutrient demands between male and female broodstocks in breeding season. P atinopecten yessoensis gonads contained a higher proportion of lipids, in comparison to other bivalves, which might be a response to the low ambient water temperatures. Further analysis of fatty acids showed that the concentrations of n-3PUFA, EPA and DHA in larvae(LC) were positively correlated with BC and DC, indicating the significant nutrient influence of broodstocks on the larvae. As these fatty acids are important in metabolism, and have been demonstrated to be influential to the viability of the larvae, larval growth and the settlement, spat growth, and juvenile survival in many bivalves, they could possibly be used as indexes to evaluate, and predict condition of broodstocks and larvae.

关键词： Patinopecten yessoensis nutrient composition fatty acids larvae broodstocks gonads

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Effects of rearing temperature and density on growth,survival and development of sea cucumber larvae,Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010年第4期28卷 842-848页

作者：刘广斌杨红生刘石林 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

In laboratory conditions,effects of rearing temperature and stocking density were examined on hatching of fertilized egg and growth of auricularia larvae of Apostichopus japonicus *** series like larval length and density,metamorphic time,and survival rate of the larvae were *** showed that for ***,survival rate(from fertilized egg to late auricularia) decreased significantly with the increasing rearing temperature(P26℃).Hatching rate was significantly different between 0.2-5 ind./ml groups and 20-50 ind./ml *** larvae at the higher density had the smaller maximal-length,whereas needed longer time to complete *** study suggested that 21℃ and 0.4 ind./ml can be used as the most suitable rearing temperature and stocking density for large-scale artificial breeding of ***'s larvae.

关键词： Apostichopus japonicus egg hatch larvae growth metamorphism

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The point of no return and pectoral angle of Japanese anchovy(Engraulis japonicus) larvae during growth and starvation

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2007年第5期26卷 144-152页

作者： WAN Ruijing LI Xiansen ZHUANG Zhimeng JOHANNESSEN Arne Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao 266071 China Department of Biology University of Bergen Bergen Norway

At a temperature of 23.0 - 24.8℃, the mixed feeding of Japanese anchovy larvae was initiated 24 h before the yolk-sac was exhausted. The point of no return （PNR） was reached on the 6th day after hatching. On the 4th day after hatching, the pectoral angle appeared in both fed and unfed anchovy larvae although it was more evident and sharper in the starved and the PNR stage larvae than in the fed ones. According to observations of larvae collected in the sea, the pectoral angles were evident not only in the larvae of 3.62 - 7.44 mm in standard length, but also in the larvae of 2.70 mm in standard length with remnants of yolk. The pectoral angles became diffuse when the larvae reached 7.84 mm and vanished at 9.86 mm. The pectoral angle cannot be used as a criterion to distinguish healthy from starving larvae.

关键词： Engraulis japonicus larvae starvation point of no return (PNR) pectoral angle

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Geographical distribution and age composition of Euphausia superba larvae (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) in the South Shetland Islands region and southern Scotia Sea in relation to environmental conditions

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2013年第11期32卷 59-67页

作者： GAO Qian XU Zhaoli HUANG Hongliang CHEN Xuezhong FENG Chunlei LI Lingzhi Key and Open Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries Ministry of AgricultureEast China Sea Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences

Spatial distribution patterns of the different life stages of Euphausia superba in the region of the South Shet- land Islands and southern Scotia Sea （Antarctica） were assessed based on scientific survey data collected in lanuary and February of 2010. Adults, eggs, nauplii, metanauplii, calyptopis I-Ill, and furcilia I-II were found in the investigation. The abundance of larvae averaged 1 172.8 ind./mz, with calyptopis I and II as the dominant stages. Habitat occupancy patterns varied among Euphausia superba at different stages, and three sub-regions were identified by cluster analysis. The degree of larval development increased from west to east. larvae were not observed north of the South Shetland Islands. Calyptopis I was predominant in the water between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands, which featured no thermocline. Older stages, including calyptopis II and III and furcilia I and II, were common in north and northeast of the South Orkney Islands, which were characterized by high temperature and high chlorophyll concentration. Distri- bution and abundance of the early life stages of E. superba were associated with specific environmental con- ditions. According to Biota-Environment matching （BIOENV）, the distributions of E. superba larvae were correlated with a combination of temperature at the surface and 200 m, and 0-100 m integrated chlorophyll a concentration.

关键词： Southern Ocean Euphausia superba larvae distribution pattern

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The cluster digging behavior of larvae confers trophic benefits to fitness in insects

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Insect Science 2024年第3期31卷 870-884页

作者： Yujie Wu Qiang Wang Weikang Yang Sheng Zhang Chuan-Xi Mao Nana He Shaojie Zhou Chuanming Zhou Wei Liu School of Plant Protection Anhui Agricultural UniversityAnhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and ApplicationHefeiChina College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina School of Teacher Education Nanjng Xiaozhuang UniversityNanjingChina State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional MedicineNational&Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening TechnologySchool of Life ScienceHubei UniversityWuhanChina

Collective behaviors efficiently impart benefits to a diversity of species ranging from bacteria to *** larvae tend to cluster and form coordinated digging groups under crowded conditions,yet understanding the rules governing this behavior is in its *** primarily took advantage of the Drosophila model to investigate cooperative foraging ***,we report that Drosophila-related species and the black soldier fly have evolved a conserved strategy of cluster digging in food ***,we investigated relative factors,including larval stage,population density,and food stiffness and quality,that affect the cluster digging ***,oxygen supply through the posterior breathing spiracles is necessary for the organization of digging *** importantly,we theoretically devise a mathematical model to accurately calculate how the cluster digging behavior expands food resources by diving depth,cross-section area,and food *** found that cluster digging behavior approximately increases 2.2 fold depth,1.7-fold cross-section area,and 1.9 fold volume than control groups,*** of food sources significantly facilitates survival,larval development,and reproductive success of Drosophila challenged with competition for limited food resources,thereby conferring trophic benefits to fitness in ***,our findings highlight that the cluster digging behavior is a pivotal behavior for their adaptation to food scarcity,advancing a better understanding of how this cooperative behavior confers fitness benefits in the animal kingdom.

关键词： cluster digging determinant development fecundity larvae mathematical model

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Effects of temperature and salinity on the development of embryos and larvae of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa(Valenciennes, 1846)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2014年第4期32卷 773-782页

作者：班绍君张涛潘恒倩潘洋王平川薛东秀 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao Agricultural University

The major population of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa （Valenciennes, 1846）, which is an important fishery resource, is facing a large decline in China. We studied the effects of incubation temperature （16-34℃ at salinity 30） and salinity （5-45 at 25℃） on the incubation period and subsequent larval development. In the temperature experiment, the shortest incubation period was 12 days at 34℃, the lower temperature limit was 16~C, the longest mean shell length （1 193＋17 pan） occurred at 25℃ and the highest survival rate 72.28%＋5.62% was observed at 28℃. In the salinity experiment, the shortest incubation period was 15 days at 25. The salinity tolerance range was 15-40, the longest mean shell length （855-4-9 μm） and the highest survival rate 72.93%~4.85% were both observed at 35. This study demonstrated that, during the egg-mass stage, temperature and salinity regimes influence later growth and survival of larvae. These observations deepen our understanding of the ecology and conservation of natural populations of Rapana venosa.

关键词： Rapana venosa embryo larvae temperature salinity

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Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第4期10卷 990-1004页

作者： Miao Yu Zhenming Li Weidong Chen Ting Rong Gang Wang Xianyong Ma Institute of Animal Science Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou 510640GuangdongPeople’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding Guangzhou 510640GuangdongPeople’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China Ministry of AgricultureGuangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangzhou 510640GuangdongPeople’s Republic of China Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation Guangzhou 510640GuangdongPeople’s Republic of China

Background: Insects, such as Hermetia illucens larvae, are rich in chitin and proteins, and represent a suitable feed ingredient replacement for animals. However, little is known about the effect of administering H. illucens larvae on intestinal microbiota, bacterial metabolite profiles, and mucosal immune status in animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of administering H. illucens larvae on colonic microbiota and bacterial metabolites production in finishing pigs. Seventy-two crossbred(Duroc × Landrace × Large White) female pigs(initial body weight, 76.0 ± 0.52 kg) were randomly allocated to three different dietary treatments: a control diet(Control group) and two diets corresponding to 4%(H1 group) and 8%(H2 group) H. illucens larvae inclusion levels, respectively. Each treatment consisted of eight pens(replicates), with three pigs per pen. After 46 days of feeding, eight pigs per treatment(n =8) were slaughtered, and the colonic digesta and mucosa were collected for microbial composition and microbial fermentation products, and genes expression ***: The results showed that the H1 diet significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus,Pseudobutyrivibrio, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium compared with those in the control group(P < 0.05), with a decrease in the abundance of Streptococcus. The numbers of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Clostridium cluster XIVa were significantly greater in the H1 group than in the control group(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, H2 diet increased the number of Clostridium cluster XIVa compared with the control group(P < 0.05). For colonic metabolites, total short chain fatty acids, butyrate, and isobutyrate concentrations were significantly higher in the H1 group than those in the control group(P < 0.05);the H1 treatment caused a striking decrease in protein fermentation compared with the control group, as the concentrations of total amines, cadaverine, tryptamine, phenol, p-cresol, and skatole were significantly lo

关键词： Colon Finishing pigs Hermetia illucens larvae Immune status Microbial metabolites Microbiota

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Comparative susceptibility and immune responses of Asian and European honey bees to the American foulbrood pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae

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Insect Science 2019年第5期26卷 831-842页

作者： Sasiprapa Krongdang Jay D.Evans Yanping Chen Wannapha Mookhploy Panuwan Chantawannakul 1Bee Protection Laboratory Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology Graduate SchoolChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand USDA-ARS Bee Research LaboratoryBeltsvilleMarylandUSA Environmental Science Research Center Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand

American foulbrood (AFB) disease is caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Currently, this pathogen is widespread in the European honey bee— Apis mellifera. However, little is known about infectivity and pathogenicity of P. lan'ae in the Asiatic cavity-nesting honey bees, Apis cerana. Moreover, comparative knowledge of P. larvae infectivity and pathogenicity between both honey bee species is scarce. In this study, we examined susceptibility, larval mortality, survival rate and expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensin, apidaecin, abaecin, and hymenoptaecin in A. mellifera and A. cerana when infected with P. larvae. Our results showed similar effects of P. larvae on the survival rate and patterns of AMP gene expression in both honey bee species when bee larvae are infected with spores at the median lethal concentration (LC5 0 ) for A. mellifera. All AMPs of infected bee larvae showed significant upregulation compared with noninfected bee larvae in both honey bee species. However, larvae of A. cerana were more susceptible than A. mellifera when the same larval ages and spore concentration of P. larvae were used. It also appears that A. cerana showed higher levels of AMP expression than A. mellifera. This research provides the first evidence of survival rate, LC50 and immune response profiles of Asian honey bees, A. cerana, when infected by P. larvae in comparison with the European honey bee, A. mellifera.

关键词： Apis cerana Apis mellifera honey bee immune gene Paenibacillus larvae susceptibility

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