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Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Herbivores and Its Stimulation to Major insect pests in Rice

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Rice science 2007年第1期14卷 56-66页

作者： LU Zhong-xian YU Xiao-ping Kong-luen HEONG HU Cui Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou 310021 China International Rice Research Institute DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila Philippine Institute of Applied Entomology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China

Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference, food consumption, survival, growth, reproduction, and population density, except few examples that nitrogen fertilizer reduces the herbivore performances. In most of the rice growing areas in Asia, the great increases in populations of major insect pests of rice, including planthoppers （Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera）, leaffolder （ Cnaphalocrocis rnedinalis）, and stem borers （Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, S. innotata, C. polychrysus and Sesarnia inferens） were closely related to the long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers. The optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields is proposed to improve the fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the environmental pollution.

关键词： nitrogen fertilizer herbivore insect pests rice fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency

Species and Control Techniques of Main Diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province

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Plant Diseases and pests 2023年第3期14卷 1-4,13页

作者： Juanjuan HU Hao SONG Zhihua CAO Yulu CHEN Jie WANG Wangsheng ZHU Dewu YAO Bangxing HAN College of Environment and Tourism West Anhui UniversityLu an 237012China Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources West Anhui UniversityLu an 237012China Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province West Anhui UniversityLu an 237012China Anhui Academy of Forestry Hefei 230031China Lu an Yuqing Green Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd.Lu an 237010China Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering West Anhui UniversityLu an 237012China

[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of *** in major *** afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature ***,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of *** in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,*** control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of *** industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.

关键词： Anhui Province Camellia oleifera Diseases insect pests Prevention and control technique

A Brief Introduction of Main Diseases and insect pests in Soybean Production in the Global Top Five Soybean Producing Countries

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Plant Diseases and pests 2018年第1期9卷 17-21页

作者： Zhang Xiaoming Li Qiong College of Plant Protection Yunnan Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory for the Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan Institute of Food Crops Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences

The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests often lead to the reduction of soybean yield, and brings varying degree losses to these countries. This article provides an overview of the impact and measures on soybean main diseases and insect pests in the top five major soybean producing countries over the world. It is concluded that the diseases affecting the soybean yield seriously include Phakopsorapachyrhizi, Heterodera glycines, Septoria glycines, Colletotrichum spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina; and the main insect pests include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera litura, Nezara viridula and Frankliniella occidentalis, which will provide information for key prevention and control of soybean main diseases and insect pests in these countries.

关键词： Soybean Production Diseases insect pests Control

insect pests Control of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) by Using Plant Aqueous Extracts in Korhogo Area (Northern Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa)

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Research in Ecology 2020年第2期2卷 1-7页

作者： Mouhamadou Kone Drissa Coulibaly Yalamoussa Tuo Marie Charlene Ginette Able Unitéde Formation et de Recherche(UFR)des Sciences Biologiques Département de Biologie AnimaleUniversity of Peleforo Gon Coulibaly.BP 1328 KorhogoCôte d’Ivoire

In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to a synthetic chemical«SAUVEUR 62 EC»,having as active ingredients,acetamiprid 32g/l and Lambda-cyhalothrin 30g/*** applications by these extracts were done using manual *** treatment,the insects were caught using two methods(pitfall traps and colored bowls traps).A total of 6505 insects belonging to nine orders were recorded in four *** plot 1(9 orders)was the most diverse,followed by the plot 3(8 orders),the plot 2 and 4(7 orders respectively).Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Diptera,Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most *** chemical treatment has impacted significantly the number of orders(pinsect abundance was impacted significantly by the different biological treatments(ppests belonging to Hemiptera,while the aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Hyptis suaveolens were effectives on the abundance of pests belonging to *** chemical treatment was effective on the pests belonging to both orders.

关键词： Abelmoschus esculentus Azadirachta indica Hyptis suaveolens Solanum lycopersicum Chemical treatment insect pests Korhogo

Diapause induction and termination in a commonly univoltine leaf beetle （ Phratora vulgatissima）

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insect Science 2011年第4期18卷 443-450页

作者： Peter Dalin Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsela Sweden

TheleafbeetlePhratoravulgatissima（Linnaeus 1758）iscommonlyunivoltine in south-central Sweden but may sometimes initiate a partial second generation. The current study was set out to investigate under what abiotic conditions the beetles initiate a second generation. Using climate chamber experiments, the beetles were shown to have a facultative reproductive diapause induced by declining day-length. The critical day-length （CDL） for diapause induction was estimated to be 18 h and 10 min. In the field, firstgeneration beetles developing to adulthood before August in 2009 became reproductively active and produced a second generation, but most individuals emerged later and were in reproductive diapause. P vulgatissima overwinter as adults and diapause was shown to be maintained until mid-winter in 2008/2009. The cumulative temperature requirement for oviposition after diapause termination was estimated to be 222 day-degrees with a 5.5℃ temperature threshold. Three different day-degree models that were developed to predict the phenology of female oviposition in the spring were validated by comparing model results with field data on the timing of oviposition in previous years. The study suggests that P vulgatissima may initiate a second generation in Sweden if development of the first generation is completed before August. Warmer spring and summer temperatures due to ongoing climate change may cause advanced insect phenology and faster completion of insect life-cycles at northern latitudes, which will affect the proportion of insects that initiate a second generation.

关键词： climate change diapause insect pests population dynamics seasonal adaptations voltinism

White grubs, Holotrichia rustica and Holotrichia mucida （Coleoptera： Scarabaeidae） as pests of teak （Tectona grandis L. f.） seedlings

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insect Science 2009年第6期16卷 519-525页

作者： Nitin Kulkarni Sanjay Paunikar Kailash Chandra Joshi John Rogers Tropical Forest Research Institute Jabalpur India Research Connections and Consulting P.O. Box 350 Toowong Queensland 4066 Australia

Field observations were carried out between 2002 and 2005 on bio-ecology of white grubs infesting teak （Tectona grandis Linn. f.） seedlings at Ramdongari Forest Nursery, Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra, Nagpur in central India. The study collected the data required for an integrated pest management strategy against the white grubs. The species damaging teak seedlings were Holotrichia rustica （Burmeister） and H. mucida Gyllenhal. The beetles （adults） of both these species began to emerge just after the pre-monsoon showers and when the relative humidity had risen rapidly over several days, but before the first monsoon rains. While the adults fed and mated on naturally growing bushes of Ziziphus jujuba, Z mauritiana, Z. xylopyra, Acacia leucophloea and A. catechu immediately after the emergence from the teak beds in the nursery, the immature stages （grubs） of both species fed on roots of the teak seedling, leading to plant death. This is the first report of （i） damage caused to teak seedlings by grubs ofH. rustica and H. mucida, and （ii） of *** and Z. mauritiana being hosts for the beetles ofH. mucida and H, rustica. It is also the first detailed report on the field bio-ecology of the H. rustica and H. mucida as major pests ofteak. White grubs are among the toughest-to-manage pests of economic importance and information presented here on the pest incidence and damage ofH. rustica and H. mucida is important to researchers and nursery field managers for the management of these pests on teak.

关键词： adult emergence chafer beetles environmental factors incidence Indian scarabs insect pests Melolonthinae population density Ziziphus

Trials for Gathering Information on an Unknown Peak in the GC-MS Spectra of Horse and Pony Hair Extracts

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Advances in Entomology 2021年第2期9卷 100-111页

作者： Maia Tsikolia Till Opatz Ulrich Kauhl Nurhayat Tabanca Betul Demirci Saundra H. TenBroeck Kenneth J. Linthicum Ulrich R. Bernier US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE) Gainesville FL USA Nichbisi Scientific Research Center (NSRC) Mtskheta Georgia Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Mainz Mainz Germany US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS) Miami FL USA Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University Eskisehir Turkey University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Horse Teaching Unit Gainesville FL USA

The volatile compounds from horse and pony hairs and skin were analyzed to determine bioactive molecules that are kairomones used for host location by blood-feeding diptera. In this study, horse and pony hair samples were extracted with organic solvents (pentane or hexane) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) with closed electron ionization (CEI). Using the GC-MS analysis, we observed a compound peak, which could not be identified by comparison to mass spectra in the mass spectral library. This unknown compound was often the largest peak in the chromatogram and had a retention index and mass spectral fragmentation similar to nonanal. However, there were several differences in the fragmentation pattern. When compared to a nonanal reference standard, it was evident that this was a different compound. Hydrodistillation of pony hair was another extraction method to obtain the unknown component in higher concentrations. Analysis of this extract with GC-flame ionization detector (FID) with GC-MS confirmed the same unknown peak. Further experiments and analysis with the various mass spectroscopy tools gave the possible molecular ion with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 142, corresponding to the unknown component.

关键词： Nonanal Skin Emanation insect pests Equus caballus Equus ferus caballus Mass Spectroscopy Structure Elucidation

Populational Fluctuation and Distribution of Epitrix ***(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)in the Organic Tobacco Management in Santa Cruz do Sul,RS,Brazil

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第12期8卷 3285-3294页

作者： Daiana Oliveira Kássia Cristina Freire Zilch Fabiele Cristine Hintz Andreas Kohler Laboratory of Entomology University of Santa Cruz do Sul—UNISCSanta Cruz do SulBrasil Laboratory of Biological Control of insects Phytosanitary DepartmentFederal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGSPorto AlegreBrasil

Among the chrysomelids, some species are considered agricultural pests, such as some representatives of Epitrix spp. Popularly known as tobacco flea, these beetles cause damage to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by feeding on the leaf surface, causing injuries, reducing productivity and the final quality of the product to be marketed. However, studies of the biology and interactions of these individuals with the environment become essential in order to develop effective and sustainable control measures. The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution and population fluctuation of Epitrix spp., as well as to evaluate the possible influence of temperature, rainfall and adjacent vegetation on the population dynamics of this beetle in organic tobacco growing in the municipality of Santa Cruz of the South, RS. The collections were carried out weekly during the 2011/2012 harvest, using Malaise and Pit-fall traps, distributed in four points along three lines. A total of 1584 individuals belonging to the genus Epitrix were collected, and their greatest abundance was observed in late January and early February 2012 due to climatic factors, such as rainfall and temperature, favorable to the development of specimens and the tobacco leaf harvesting reduced the availability of food and conditioned a greater movement of these individuals in the crop. The results presented here are of great importance for deciding the best methodology for controlling the smoke flea, as well as knowing the influence of abiotic factors on the behavior of these organisms in the field.

关键词： Tobacco Flea insect pests Phytophagous Nicotiana tabacum

Assessment of Grain Damage and Weight Loss on Farm Stored Maize in Highlands Areas of Bungoma District, Kenya

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2012年第3期2卷 349-361页

作者： Kimondo Mutambuki Christopher Mugo Ngatia Kenya Agricultural Research Institute National Agricultural Research Centre P.O. Box 14733-00800 Nairobi Kenya

A simulation trial to assess losses in crib and in-house maize storage practices was conducted. Three cribs were constructed and 180 kg maize in two bags treated with 1.6% pirimiphos methyl and 0.3% permethrin stored in one. In the other, a similar quantity of untreated maize in two bags was stored while in the third crib, 4 bags of cob maize were placed. Another four bags, two treated and two untreated were placed on dunnage separated by a 2-meter path in the living house. Samples were analysed at 4-week interval for 24 weeks and pest damage was used to calculate percent weight loss. Grain from selected farmers was also analysed for comparison. Crib trial had 53% and 20% pest damage in untreated and treated maize compared with 56% and 16% for in-house storage after six months. Cumulative weight loss averaged 20.6% and 9.7% for untreated and treated maize. The figures are markedly higher than 5% criterion for effective pest control measures. Weight loss on farmer stocks compared well with untreated maize and grain damage varied from 5.4% to 27%, translating to 0.5% and 16.8% cumulative loss. These results suggest ineffective pest control measures by Bungoma farmers. The results contrast with Kitui ones in an earlier study where Prostephanus truncatus is endemic and contributed to 10% cumulative loss above the Bungoma level. Efforts should be made to reduce grain damage to below 5% to realise food security at farm level.

关键词： Bungoma consumption insect pests losses maize (Zea mays L.).