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Egg laying and incubation rhythm of the Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)at Lianhuashan,Gansu,China

Avian Research 2019年第3期10卷 357-365页

作者： Mei Shi Yun Fang Jin-ming Zhao Siegfried Klaus Yingxin Jiang Jon E.Swenson Yue-Hua Sun Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Life Science Huaibei Normal UniversityHuaibei 235000China Jena Germany Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesBox 50031432 AsNorway

Background:Incubating birds must balance the conflict between thermal needs of the developing embryos and their self?maintenance needs for *** Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) lives in high mountain conifer forests and faces energy stress,cold environment,and predation *** might adjust incubation rhythm to adapt to these constraints. Methods:Two methods were used to investigate egg laying and incubation pattern of the Chinese Grouse;25 nests were monitored by data loggers and 12 nests by infrared video cameras. Results:Female Chinese Grouses usually laid an egg every 2 *** incubation period was 28-31 days. Overall incubation constancy for Chinese Grouse was 93%. The females took 5.0 recesses per day and 34% of all 1696 recesses were taken in the crepuscular period. The average recess duration was 20.3 min. Females took more and shorter recesses in the latter part of *** females who allocated more time to foraging had a higher reproductive success. Conclusions:Probably due to its high egg/body mass ratio,the Chinese Grouse has a long laying interval of 49 h. We suggest that,due to energy stress,females have relatively more recesses and they increase the number of recesses as incubation *** compensate for the embryos'thermal needs, they extend the incubation period and shorten the recess duration in this cold environment.

关键词： Body mass Chinese Grouse Environment temperature incubation pattern Nest attentiveness

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