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Propagation characteristics from meteorological drought to agricultural drought over the heihe river basin, Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2023年第5期15卷 523-544页

作者： BAI Miao LI Zhanling HUO Pengying WANG Jiawen LI Zhanjie School of Water Resources and Environment China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution Beijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Nanjing Hydraulic Research InstituteNanjing 210029China College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

In the context of global warming,drought events occur frequently.In order to better understanding the process and mechanism of drought occurrence and evolution,scholars have dedicated much attention on drought propagation,mainly focusing on drought propagation time and propagation probability.However,there are relatively few studies on the sensitivities of drought propagation to seasons and drought levels.Therefore,we took the heihe river basin(HRB)of Northwest China as the case study area to quantify the propagation time and propagation probability from meteorological drought to agricultural drought during the period of 1981–2020,and subsequently explore their sensitivities to seasons(irrigation and non-irrigation seasons)and drought levels.The correlation coefficient method and Copula-based interval conditional probability model were employed to determine the drought propagation time and propagation probability.The results determined the average drought propagation time as 8 months in the whole basin,which was reduced by 2 months(i.e.,6 months)on average during the irrigation season and prolonged by 2 months(i.e.,10 months)during the non-irrigation season.Propagation probability was sensitive to both seasons and drought levels,and the sensitivities had noticeable spatial differences in the whole basin.The propagation probability of agricultural drought at different levels generally increased with the meteorological drought levels for the upstream,midstream,and southern downstream regions of the HRB.Lesser agricultural droughts were more likely to be triggered during the irrigation season,while severer agricultural droughts were occurred mostly during the non-irrigation season.The research results are helpful to understand the characteristics of drought propagation and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of droughts.This study is of great significance for the rational planning of local water resources and maintaining good ecological environment in the HRB.

关键词： meteorological drought agricultural drought drought propagation time drought propagation probability Copula function interval conditional probability heihe river basin

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Temporal variations of CO_2 concentration near land surface and its response to meteorological variables in heihe river basin, northwest China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第4期18卷 708-715页

作者： CHEN Ren-sheng KANG Er-si JI Xi-bin YANG Jian-ping ZHANG Zhi-hui YANG Yong Laboratory of Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy ofSciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Atmospheric CO2 concentration （CC） near land surface and meteorological variables have been measured at four sites, named Yeniugou （alpine meadow and permafrost）, Xishui （mountainous forest）, Linze （oasis edge） and Ejina （lower desert）, respectively, in heihe river basin, northwest China. The results showed that, the half hourly CC at night was larger than in daytime, and the daily averaged CC was the largest in winter. The averaged CC of 932 d at the Linze was about 418 ppm, was about 366 ppm in the 762 d at the Ejina. In the same period from September 23 to November 9, 2004, the averaged CC was about 625,334, 436 and 353 ppm, at Yeniugou, Xishui, Linze and Ejina, respectively. The linear relationship between daily averaged CC and air temperature T was negative, between CC and relative humidity （RH） was positive. The linear CC-atmospheric pressure （A P） relationship was negative at the Linze and Yeniugou, was positive at the Ejina. The relationship between CC and global radiation R was exponent, and soil temperature Ts was negative linear, and soil water content was complex. The correlation between CC and wind speed was not existent. Using meteorological variables together to simulate CC, could give good results.

关键词： CO2 concentration meteorological variables heihe river basin

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Dynamic downscaling of near-surface air temperature at the basin scale using WRF-a case study in the heihe river basin, China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2012年第3期6卷 314-323页

作者： Xiaoduo PAN Xin Li Xiaokang SHI Xujun HAN Lihui LUO Liangxu WANG Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

The spatial resolution of general circulation models （GCMs） is too coarse to represent regional climate variations at the regional, basin, and local scales required for many environmental modeling and impact assessments. Weather research and forecasting model （WRF） is a nextgeneration, fully compressible, Euler non-hydrostatic mesoscale forecast model with a runtime hydrostatic option. This model is useful for downscaling weather and climate at the scales from one kilometer to thousands of kilometers, and is useful for deriving meteorological parameters required for hydrological simulation too. The objective of this paper is to validate WRF simulating 5 km/ 1 h air temperatures by daily observed data of China Meteorological Administration （CMA） stations, and by hourly in-situ data of the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research Project. The daily validation shows that the WRF simulation has good agreement with the observed data; the R2 between the WRF simulation and each station is more than 0.93; the absolute of meanbias error （MBE） for each station is less than 2℃; and the MBEs of Ejina, Mazongshan and Alxa stations are near zero, with R2 is more than 0.98, which can be taken as an unbiased estimation. The hourly validation shows that the WRF simulation can capture the basic trend of observed data, the MBE of each site is approximately 2℃, the R2 of each site is more than 0.80, with the highest at 0.95, and the computed and observed surface air temperature series show a significantly similar trend.

关键词： weather research and forecasting model,dynamic downscaling surface air temperature heihe river basin Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research Project

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Desertification dynamic and the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification in the heihe river basin based on NPP

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第4期5卷 465-479页

作者： Wei ZHOU ZhengGuo SUN JianLong LI ChengCheng GANG ChaoBin ZHANG School of Life Science Nanjing University

Relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification are the hotspot of research on desertification dynamic and its driving mechanism.To overcome the shortcomings of existing studies,this paper selected net primary productivity （NPP） as an indicator to analyze desertification dynamic and its impact factors.In addition,the change trends of actual NPP,potential NPP and HNPP （human appropriation of NPP,the difference between potential NPP and actual NPP） were used to analyze the desertification dynamic and calculate the relative roles of climate change,human activities and a combination of the two factors in desertification.In this study,the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）-Normalised Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and meteorological data were utilized to drive the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach （CASA） model to calculate the actual NPP from 2001 to 2010 in the heihe river basin.Potential NPP was estimated using the Thornthwaite Memorial model.Results showed that 61％ of the whole basin area underwent land degradation,of which 90.5％ was caused by human activities,8.6％ by climate change,and 0.9％ by a combination of the two factors.On the contrary,1.5％ of desertification reversion area was caused by human activities and 90.7％ by climate change,the rest 7.8％ by a combination of the two factors.Moreover,it was demonstrated that 95.9％ of the total actual NPP decrease was induced by human activities,while 69.3％ of the total actual NPP increase was caused by climate change.The results revealed that climate change dominated desertification reversion,while human activities dominated desertification expansion.Moreover,the relative roles of both climate change and human activities in desertification possessed great spatial heterogeneity.Additionally,ecological protection policies should be enhanced in the heihe river basin to prevent desertification expansion under the condition of climate change.

关键词： desertification net primary productivity （NPP） climate change human activities quantitative assessment heihe river basin

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Impact of land use change on water resource allocation in the middle reaches of the heihe river basin in northwestern China

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Journal of Arid Land 2014年第3期6卷 273-286页

作者： YanYun NIAN Xin LI Jian ZHOU XiaoLi HU Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University

In recent decades, China has been experiencing rapid economic development, population growth and urbanization. These processes have stressed the shortages of water resources in China, especially in the arid re- gions of northwestern China. In order to sustain the expanding cropland, people increased groundwater exploitation in these regions. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the changes in land use and water resources, and their relationship in the middle reaches of the heihe river basin, a typical inland river basin in northwest China. The data of land use change were interpreted using aerial photographs （1965） and Landsat TM images （1986 and 2007）. The data of irrigation water volume in the irrigation districts were spatialized in the middle reaches of the heihe river basin. The spatial variation of the groundwater depth was interpolated using the geo- statistical method. The results showed that the cultivated cropland area along oasis fringe increased by 15.38% and 43.60% during the periods 1965-1986 and 1986-2007, respectively. Surface water amount for irrigation had almost doubled from 1956 to 2010. The decrease of grassland area mainly occurred at the alluvial fan in front of the Qilian Mountains, with 36.47% during 1965-1986 and 38.56% during 1986-2007, respectively. The groundwater depth in front of the mountain constantly increased from 1986 to 2007. We found that the overuse of surface water and overexploitation of groundwater had direct consequences on the natural environments. We suggests that the efficiency of surface water resources use among different irrigation distdcts needs to be improved, which will significantly ease the conflicts between increasing water demand for irrigation and a shortage of water resources in the middle reaches of the heihe river basin.

关键词： watershed management land use groundwater irrigation arid region heihe river basin

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Temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to meteorological factors in heihe river basin, China

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Water Science and Engineering 2015年第1期8卷 1-8页

作者： Jie Zhao Zong-xue Xu De-peng Zuo Xu-ming Wang College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal University

On the basis of daily meteorological data from 15 meteorological stations in the heihe river basin （HRB） during the period from 1959 to 2012, long-term trends of reference evapotranspiration （ET0） and key meteorological factors that affect ET0 were analyzed using the Mann- Kendall test. The evaporation paradox was also investigated at 15 meteorological stations. In order to explore the contribution of key meteo- rological factors to the temporal variation of ET0, a sensitivity coefficient method was employed in this study. The results show that：（1） mean annual air temperature significantly increased at all 15 meteorological stations, while the mean annual ET0 decreased at most of sites; （2） the evaporation paradox did exist in the HRB, while the evaporation paradox was not continuous in space and time; and （3） relative humidity was the most sensitive meteorological factor with regard to the temporal variation of ET0 in the HRB, followed by wind speed, air temperature, and solar radiation. Air temperature and solar radiation contributed most to the temporal variation of ETo in the upper reaches; solar radiation and wind speed were the determining factors for the temporal variation of ET0 in the middle-lower reaches.

关键词： Reference evapotranspiration Evaporation paradox Meteorological factor heihe river basin

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Integrated study of the water–ecosystem–economy in the heihe river basin

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National Science Review 2014年第3期1卷 413-428页

作者： Guodong Cheng Xin Li Wenzhi Zhao Zhongmin Xu Qi Feng Shengchun Xiao Honglang Xiao Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

The ecological water diversion project in the heihe river basin is the irst successful case in China in which the ecological systems in a river basin have been rescued. his project serves as a valuable example for the management of ecosystems in other inland river basins. his paper reviews the integrated studies of the water–ecosystem–economy relationship in the heihe river basin and concludes that sustainable development in inland river basins requires the basin to be considered as a whole, with the relationships between the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the basin coordinated appropriately. Successful development in these basins will be relected in an improved output per cubic meter of water and the implementation of integrated river basin management practices.

关键词： heihe river basin water–ecosystem–economy integrated study climate change human activity ecological water diversion

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Comparable water use of two contrasting riparian forests in the lower heihe river basin, Northwest China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第5期29卷 1215-1224页

作者： Tengfei Yu Qi Feng Jianhua Si Xiaoyou Zhang Haiyang Xi Chunyan Zhao Alxa Desert Eco-hydrology Experimental Research Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland river basin Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Gansu Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center Lanzhou 730000 China

Understanding forest ecosystem evapotranspiration（ET） is crucial for water-limited environments,particularly those that lack adequate quantified data such as the lower heihe river basin of northwest China which is primarily dominated by Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.and Populus euphratica Oliv.forests.Accordingly,we selected the growing season for 2 years （2012 and 2014） of two such forests under similar meteorological conditions to compare ET using the eddy covariance（EC） technique.During the growing seasons,daily ET of T.ramosissima ranged from 0.3 to 8.0 mm day^（-1） with a mean of 3.6 mm day^（-1）,and daily ET of P.euphratica ranged from 0.9 to 7.9 mm day^（-1） with a mean of 4.6 mm day^（-1） for a total of 548 and 707 mm,respectively.The significantly higher ET of the P.euphratica stand was directly linked to high soil evaporation rates under sufficient water availability from irrigation.When the soil evaporation was disregarded,water use was comparable to two contrasting riparian forests,a P.euphratica forest with a total transpiration of 465 mm and a T.ramosissima forest with 473 mm.Regression analysis demonstrated that climate factors accounted for at least 80% of ET variation in both forest types.In conclusion,water use of the riparian forests was low and comparable in this arid region,that suggest the long-term plant adaptation to the local climate and conditions of water availability.

关键词： Eddy covariance Evapotranspiration heihe river basin Riparian forest

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Groundwater Recharge and Mixing in Arid and Semiarid Regions:heihe river basin,Northwest China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第3期90卷 971-987页

作者： CAO Guoliang ZHENG Chunmiao Craig T.SIMMONS Institute of Water Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of the Environment&National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training Adelaide SA 5001Australia School of Environmental Science and Engineering South University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen 518055China Department of Geological Sciences University ofAlabamaTuscaloosaAlabama 35487USA

A sound understanding of groundwater recharged from various sources occurring at different time scales is crucial for water management in arid and semi-arid river basins. Groundwater recharge sources and their geochemical evolution are investigated for the heihe river basin （HRB） in northwest China on the basis of a comprehensive compilation of geochemical and isotopic data. Geochemical mass- balance modeling indicates that mountain-block recharge accounts for a small fraction （generally less than 5%） of the shallow and deep groundwater sustaining the oasis, whereas infiltration of rivers and irrigation water contribute most of the groundwater recharge. Dedolomitization is the primary process responsible for the changes in groundwater chemical and carbon isotope compositions from the piedmont to the groundwater discharge zone, where the dedolomitization is very likely enhanced by modern agricultural activities affecting the shallow groundwater quality. Analysis of radioactive isotopes suggests that these primary recharge sources occur at two different time scales. Radiocarbon-derived groundwater age profiles indicate a recharge rate of approximately 12 mm/year, which probably occurred during 2000-7000 years B.P., corresponding to the mid-Holocene humid period. The recharge of young groundwater on the tritium-dated time scale is much higher, about 360 mm/year in the oasis region. Infiltration from irrigation canals and irrigation return flow are the primary contributors to the increased young groundwater recharge. This study suggests that groundwater chemistry in the HRB has been influenced by the complex interaction between natural and human-induced geochemical processes and that anthropogenic effects have played a more significant role in terms of both groundwater quantity and quality.

关键词： heihe river basin groundwater recharge groundwater mixing isotope hydrology

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Recent Changes in Precipitation Extremes in the heihe river basin,Northwest China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2015年第10期32卷 1391-1406页

作者： CHENG Aifang FENG Qi Guobin FU ZHANG Jiankai LI Zongxing HU Meng WANG Gang Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences CSIRO Land and Water Flagship School of Atmospheric Sciences Lanzhou University Guangzhou Meteorological Satellite Ground Station

Changes in rainfall extremes pose a serious and additional threat to water resources planning and management, natural and artificial oasis stability, and sustainable development in the fragile ecosystems of arid inland river basins. In this study, the trend and temporal variation of extreme precipitation are analyzed using daily precipitation datasets at 11 stations over the arid inland heihe river basin in Northwest China from 1960 to 2011. Eight indices of extreme precipitation are studied. The results show statistically significant and large-magnitude increasing and decreasing trends for most indices, primarily in the Qilian Mountains and eastern Hexi Corridor. More frequent and intense rainfall extremes have occurred in the southern part of the desert area than in the northern portion. In general, the temporal variation in precipitation extremes has changed throughout the basin. Wet day precipitation and heavy precipitation days show statistically significant linear increasing trends and step changes in the Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor. Consecutive dry days have decreased obviously in the region in most years after approximately the late 1980s, but meanwhile very long dry spells have increased, especially in the Hexi Corridor. The probability density function indicates that very long wet spells have increased in the Qilian Mountains. The East Asian summer monsoon index and western Pacific subtropical high intensity index possess strong and significant negative and positive correlations with rainfall extremes, respectively. Changes in land surface characteristics and the increase in water vapor in the wet season have also contributed to the changes in precipitation extremes over the river basin.

关键词： precipitation extremes atmospheric circulation heihe river basin Northwest China

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