检索结果-南通市图书馆

Enhancement of heavy metals desorption from the soil by eddy deep leaching in hydrocyclone

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 242-251页

作者： Ning Wang Hao Lu Bo Liu Tai Xiong Jianping Li Hualin Wang Qiang Yang School of Mechanical and Power Engineering East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China National Engineering Laboratory for High Concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technology East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China

An eddy deep leaching technology was developed in this paper to address the challenge of treating heavy metal contaminants in industrial mining areas.The desorption effect of As,Cd,Sb and Pb was investigated utilizing chemical leaching and physical eddy techniques.It was found that the heavy metals concentration increased with decreasing particle size.The highest proportion of Cd in the form distribution of soil was in the bound to iron and manganese oxides,while the maximum proportion of As,Sb and Pb were in the residual.The optimal solid-liquid ratio of the hydrocyclone was 1:20,and the corresponding separation efficiency and flow rate were 84.7%and 1.76 m^(3)/hr,respectively.The grade efficiency of soil particle separation increases with particle size and exceeds 99%for particles above 1,000μm.Leaching experiments have revealed that oxalic acid(OA)and a combination of oxalic acid and EDTA(OAPE)were more efficient than citric acid(CA)and a combination of citric acid and EDTA(CAPE)for the desorption of heavy metals,respectively.The comparison of OAPE and eddy leaching found that the latter improved the desorption efficiency by 9.4%,7.5%,7.2%and 7.8%for As,Cd,Sb and Pb compared to the former,respectively.The results demonstrated that the eddy leaching technique could further enhance the desorption efficiency of heavy metals.It is expected to provide technical support for soil remediation with reduced usage of leaching agents.

关键词： heavy metals Soil remediation Oxalic acid Eddy leaching Hydrocyclone

来源：

维普期刊数据库

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

A review on the transformation of birnessite in the environment:Implication for the stabilization of heavy metals

引用

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 496-515页

作者： Miao Shi Qingzhu Li Qingwei Wang Xuelei Yan Bensheng Li Linhai Feng Chao Wu Rongrong Qiu Hongkai Zhang Zhihui Yang Weichun Yang Qi Liao Liyuan Chai School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment ofheavy Metal Pollution Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province Changsha 410083China

Birnessite is ubiquitous in the natural environment where heavy metals are retained and easily transformed.The surface properties and structure of birnessite change with the changes in external environmental conditions,which also affects the fate of heavy metals.Clarifying the effect and mechanism of the birnessite phase transition process on heavy metals is the key to taking effective measures to prevent and control heavy metal pollution.Therefore,the four transformation pathways of birnessite are summarized first in this review.Second,the relationship between transformation pathways and environmental conditions is proposed.These relevant environmental conditions include abiotic(e.g.,co-existing ions,pH,oxygen pressure,temperature,electric field,light,aging,pressure)and biotic factors(e.g.,microorganisms,biomolecules).The phase transformation is achieved by the key intermediate of Mn(Ⅲ)through interlayer-condensation,folding,neutralizationdisproportionation,and dissolution-recrystallization mechanisms.The AOS(average oxidation state)of Mn and interlayer spacing are closely correlated with the phase transformation of birnessite.Last but not least,the mechanisms of heavy metals immobilization in the transformation process of birnessite are summed up.They involve isomorphous substitution,redox,complexation,hydration/dehydration,etc.The transformation of birnessite and its implication on heavy metals will be helpful for understanding and predicting the behavior of heavy metals and the crucial phase of manganese oxides/hydroxides in natural and engineered environments.

关键词： Birnessite Transformation heavy metals Pathways Mechanism

来源：

维普期刊数据库

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Comprehensive study on the spatial distribution of heavy metals and their environmental risks in high-sulfur coal gangue dumps in China

引用

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第2期136卷 486-497页

作者： Yingbo Dong Huan Lu Hai Lin School of Energy and Environmental Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants Beijing 100083China

The accumulation of coal gangue(CG)from coal mining is an important source of heavy metals(HMs)in soil.Its spatial distribution and environment risk assessment are extremely important for the management and remediation of HMs.Eighty soil samples were collected from the high-sulfur CG site in northern China and analyzed for six HMs.The results showed that the soil was heavily contaminated by Mn,Cr and Ni based on the Nemerow index,and posed seriously ecological risk depended on the geo-accumulation index,potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code.The semi-variogram model and ordinary kriging interpolation accurately portrayed the spatial distribution of HMs.Fe,Mn,and Cr were distributed by band diffusion,Ni was distributed by core,the distribution of Cu had obvious patchiness and Zn was more uniform.The spatial autocorrelation indicated that all HMs had strong spatial heterogeneity.The BCR sequential extraction was employed to qualify the geochemical fractions of HMs.The data indicated that Fe and Cr were dominated by residual fraction;Cu,Ni and Zn were dominated by reducible and oxidizable fractions;Mn was dominated by reducible and acid-extractable(25.38%-44.67%)fractions.Pearson correlation analysis showed that pH was the main control factor affecting the non-residue fractions of HMs.Therefore,acid production from high sulfur CG reduced soil pH by 2-3,which indirectly promoted the activity of HMs.Finally,the conceptual model of HMs contamination at the CG site was proposed,which can be useful for the development of ecological remediation strategies.

关键词： High-sulfur coal gangue Soil contamination heavy metals Spatial distribution Geochemical fractions Risk assessment

来源：

维普期刊数据库

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Stabilization/solidification mechanisms of tin tailings and fuming slag-based geopolymers for different heavy metals

引用

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第5期18卷 43-55页

作者： Xian Zhou Zhengfu Zhang Hui Yang School of Materials Science and Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093China Kunming Metallurgical Research Institute Co. Ltd.Kunming650031China

Tin mine tailings(TMT)and fuming slag(FS)contain many heavy metals(As,Cr,Cu,Zn and Mn)that cause severe pollution to the environment.Herein,geopolymers were prepared using TMT,FS and flue gas desulfurization gypsum(FGDG)to immobilize heavy metals,and their compressive strength and heavy metal leaching toxicity were investigated.It was first determined that T4F5(TMT:FS=4:5)sample exhibited the highest compressive strength(7.83 MPa).T4F5 achieved 95%immobilization efficiency for As and Cr,and nearly 100%for Cu,Zn and Mn,showing good immobilization performance.A series of characterization analyses showed that heavy metal cations can balance the charge in the geopolymer and replace Al in the geopolymer structure to form covalent bonds.In addition,about 2%–20%of heavy metal Fe was immobilized in hydration products,heavy metal hydroxides and non-bridging Si–O and Al–O coordination with silica-aluminate matrices.AsO33−was oxidized into AsO43−,which may form Ca–As or Fe–As precipitates.Cr2O72−was converted to CrO42−under alkaline environment and then combined with OH−to form Cr(OH)3 precipitates.Mn2+may react directly with dissolved silicate to form Mn2SiO4 and also form Mn(OH)2 precipitates.The unstable Mn(OH)2 can be further oxidized to MnO2.The heavy metal cations were immobilized in the silicoaluminate lattice,while the anions tended to form insoluble precipitates.These results may benefit the industry and government for better handling of TMT,FS and solid wastes containing the abovementioned five heavy metals.

关键词： heavy metals Cementitious materials Tin tailings Stabilization/solidification Redox

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Characterization of Nutrients,heavy metals,Petroleum and Their Impact on Phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay:Implications for Environmental Management and Monitoring

引用

Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第3期23卷 822-834页

作者： WANG Kai ZHAO Linlin ZHU Yugui YANG Liqiang WANG Yunfeng HONG Xuguang College of Marine Life Science Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China College of Fisheries Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Guangzhou 511458China

The Laizhou Bay(LB)represents a substantial ecological area that is vulnerable to human activities and confronts diverse environmental challenges.This study provides a comprehensive characterization of nutrients,petroleum,heavy metals,and phytoplankton community structure across seven distinct areas in LB.The results indicate relatively high concentrations of NO_(2)-N,SiO_(4)-Si,and NO_(3)-N in the Southwest Laizhou Bay(SWLB)and Huanghe River Estuary(HRE).In contrast,the East Laizhou bay(ELB)and the North of Huanghe River Estuary(NHRE)exhibit the highest concentrations of heavy metals(As,Cr and Hg).The areas with high phytoplankton density and community diversity are mainly located in the SWLB.After adjusting for basic environmental factors,phytoplankton density and Margalef richness index D are significantly associated with nutrients(NO_(3)-N,NO_(2)-N,NH_(4)-N,SiO_(4)-Si),and heavy metal(Cr)concentrations.We highlight that,in addition to Xiaoqinghe River,nutrients brought by the Mihe River in the SWLB and heavy metal(Cr)pollution in the ELB resulting from industrial and mining activities along the coast significantly influence phytoplankton growth and community structure.Therefore,it is recommended that more monitoring and management efforts be focused on these regions in the future.

关键词： Huanghe River Estuary Laizhou Bay nutrients heavy metals phytoplankton biodiversity

来源：

维普期刊数据库博看期刊

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

heavy metals in Agricultural Soils of Constanza, Jarabacoa, San José de Ocoa, Azua, Barahona and San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic, 2022

引用

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第1期12卷 64-79页

作者： Ramón Delanoy Carime Matos-Espinosa Yamilesa Herrera de los Santos Institute of Physics Autonomous University of Santo Domingo Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology Santo Domingo Dominican Republic

The objective of this study was to establish a baseline for future studies that aim to determine possible contamination from human, agricultural and industrial activities. As well as the determination of the indices of environmental or geological contamination and enrichment factors of heavy metals Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in agricultural soils of Constanza, Jarabacoa, Rancho Arriba and San José de Ocoa (SJO), municipalities located in the valleys of the Central mountain range of the Dominican Republic. The determination of the concentrations of heavy metals was carried out using the X-ray Fluorescence technique. Just like in Azua, San Juan de la Maguana (SJM) y Barahona in the southwest. Producer municipalities of vegetables, rice, beans, corn, melon, watermelon, tomato, banana, avocado, sugar cane and fodder for cattle. The concentration of 160 mg·kg-1 Probable Effect Level (PEL) of Cr according to the SQuiRTs table (USEPA-NOAA) for agricultural soils, were exceeded in 50% of the samples in SJM, SJO, Jarabacoa and Constanza;in Barahona and Azua by 20%. The PEL of 42.8 mg·kg-1 of the Ni was higher in more than 50% of the samples from SJM, Azua, Barahona and Jarabacoa;in SJO and Constanza at 35%. In the case of Cu with a PEL of 108 mg·kg-1 in SJO and Constanza, 5% of the samples exceeded its, in the other areas the concentrations were lower. Zn, As and Pb did not manage to exceed their respective PEL.

关键词： Soil heavy metals Constanza Azua X-Ray Fluorescence

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Evaluation of Agricultural Contamination Level by heavy metals and Pesticides in Sediments of Rivers and Water Bodies for Shrimp Fishing in the Lower Ouémé: Case of the Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele Stations in Benin

引用

Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2024年第2期14卷 25-46页

作者： Souradjou Orou Goura Fadéby Modeste Gouissi Armelle Sabine Yélignan Hounkpatin Wakili Bolatito Yessoufou Tayéwo Sylvain Biaou Nonvignon Martial Fassinou Laboratory of Ecology Health and Animal Production (LESPA) Faculty of Agronomy (FA) University of Parakou (UP) Parakou Bénin Pluridisciplanary Research Laboratory for Technical Education (LARPET) University of Sciences Technologies Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM) Lokossa Bénin

This study assessed sediment contamination by heavy metals and pesticide active ingredients linked to chemical inputs used in agricultural activities in the lower Ouémé. Pesticide residues from the organochlorine, pyrethroid and organophosphorus families were investigated by gas chromatography, and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cr and Hg) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metallic pollution indices, the contamination factor (CF) and the ecological risk index were calculated. The results revealed 8 active ingredients in the rainy season and 9 in the dry season. Glyphosate was the active ingredient with the highest concentration at all stations, 9.65 ± 0.84 mg/kg recorded in the dry season at the Aguigadji station. All glyphosate values were above the EQS. DDT, Atrazine and Endosulfan also showed high concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons. Emamectin, Abamectin and Lambda Cyhalothrin also showed high concentrations in the dry season at Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele. Only glyphosate was recorded at the control station (Toho), but in very low concentrations. Lead showed the highest concentrations at all the stations, 265.96 ± 21.02 mg/Kg in the rainy season and 255.38 ± 79.09 mg/Kg in the dry season, all detected at the Aguigadji station and above the EQS. Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr were all representative in both the dry and rainy seasons at the contaminated stations. Manganese showed high concentrations in the rainy season. Pb showed very high contamination (FC ≥ 6) at the Aguigadji and Ahlan stations and significant contamination (3 ≤ FC 6) at the Sele station in both the rainy and dry seasons. Ni, Hg and Cd, showed either moderate or significant contamination at the contaminated stations. The risk values showed a considerable ecological Ri (190 ≤ Ri < 380) in the rainy season and a moderate ecological Ri (95 ≤ Ri < 190) in the dry season at these contaminated stations.

关键词： Pesticides heavy metals Sediments Shrimp Fishing Area Lower Ouémé

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Accumulation of heavy metals in Maga-Pouss Rice Fields (Far-North Region, Cameroon) and Transfer to Rice Grains

引用

Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 311-326页

作者： Diane Madomguia Gilbert Bello Basokdou Kalieu W. Appoline Isabelle Patrice Kuitekam Dongo Edouard Nya Serge Hubert Zebaze Togouet Department of Hydraulics and Water Management National Advanced School of Engineering University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Research Center of Global Studies with Multidisciplinary Units (CREGUM) Maroua Cameroon National Laboratory of Analysis of Agricultural Inputs and Products Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Messa-Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Animal Physiology and Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

Monitoring of heavy metals contamination of agricultural products and their transfer and bioaccumulation in crops like rice has become a hot topic worldwide over the last two decades. The present study was carried out to determine the accumulation of heavy metals in rice fields and their transfer to rice grains. Soil, irrigation water and rice grains samples were gathered in Maga-Pouss, Far-North, Cameroon. Concentrations of six heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron and mercury) were evaluated by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Mercury was not detected in this study. Average concentrations of metals were in this order (in mg/kg): Fe (188.60 ± 97.06) > Pb (63.63 ± 7.11) > Cd (2.59 ± 0.29) > Zn (1.10 ± 1.05) > Cu (0.80 ± 0.73) in water and Pb (105.50 ± 31.11) > Fe (105.50 ± 31.11) > Cu (45.93 ± 14.39) > Zn (22.52 ± 6.40) > Cd (3.15 ± 0.49) in soil. Water in Maga-Pouss rice fields appears to be more harmful than the soil, notably for lead, cadmium and copper. In rice grains, heavy metals were found in this order (mg/kg): Fe (188.01 ± 82.62) > Cu (27.20 ± 0.00) > Zn (23.61 ± 12.42) > Pb (19.50 ± 19.91) > Cd (2.02 ± 1.05). The mean bioconcentration factor (BCF) of metals from soil to rice grains was in the following order: Fe (2.60) > Zn (1.05) > Cd (0.64) > Cu (0.59) > Pb (0.18). From water to rice grains, the order is: Cu (37.26) > Zn (22.49) > Cd (6.97) > Pb (2.74) > Fe (1.94). Rice field pH and electrical conductivity favored the uptake of lead, copper and cadmium by rice grains. The findings of this study will be good documentation for risk assessment, and decision-making by environmental managers in this region.

关键词： heavy metals Rice Field Bioconcenration Factor Maga-Pouss Accumulation

来源：

维普期刊数据库博看期刊评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Agricultural Contamination of the Surface Waters of the Upper Ouémé in Benin: The Case of heavy metals and Pesticides

引用

Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2024年第1期13卷 83-99页

作者： Armelle Sabine Yélignan Hounkpatin Nonvignon Martial Fassinou Fadéby Modeste Gouissi Zoulkanerou Orou Piami Dossou Armel Géraldo Houndeton Souradjou Orou Goura Wakili Bolatito Yessoufou Tayéwo Sylvain Biaou Laboratory of Hygiene Sanitation Toxicology and Environmental Health (HECOTES) The Training Centre Interfacultaire and Environmental Research for Sustainable Development (CIFRED) of the University of Abomey (UAC) Cotonou Benin Plurildisciplinary Research Laboratory for Technical Education (LARPET) of the University of Sciences Technologies Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM) Lokossa Benin Laboratoire d’Ecologie de Santé et de Productions Animales (LESPA) Faculté d’Agronomie (FA) Université de Parakou (UP) Parakou Bénin

Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters by heavy metals and pesticides. Method: To this end, data were collected in December 2022 from four specific sampling stations: Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro. Levels of heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead, were measured and subjected to in-depth statistical analysis using graphical summation models. In addition, the concentrations of pesticide active ingredients present in the samples were interpreted and evaluated. The statistical data collected during this study were processed using R software, version 3.5.0. Results: The values obtained at the different stations Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro are respectively Arsenic (2 × 10-4 mg/L;2.2 × 10-1 mg/L;1.2 × 10-4 mg/L;2 × 10-4 mg/L), Cadmium (4.4 × 10-5 mg/L;1.1 × 10-2 mg/L;10-4 mg/L;4 × 10-4 mg/L). Then Copper (7 × 10-4 mg/L;3 × 10-3 mg/L;7 × 10-4 mg/L;1 × 10-4 mg/L), Iron (1.51 mg/L;6.4 × 10-1 mg/L;2.0012 mg/L;2.9 × 10-1 mg/L), Lead (0 mg/L;0 mg/L;1.5 × 10-3 mg/L;1.5 × 10-3 mg/L). Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead) were all below the guideline standards set by the WHO in 2006 for uncontaminated surface waters. This indicates that the surface waters of the Upper Ouémé were below acceptable contamination thresholds in terms of heavy metals. However, the presence of pesticide active ingredients such as cyfluthrin, endosulfan-alpha, endosulfan-beta, profenosfos, tihan, atrazine, gala super and glycel clearly indicates that thes

关键词： Agricultural Contamination heavy metals Pesticides Surface Water North Benin

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Growth of the Earthworm Millsonia omodeoi and Its Capacity to Accumulate Five heavy metals (HM) in Soils along a Toll Highway in Côte d’Ivoire

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第1期14卷 115-132页

作者： Mamadou Toure Kpan Kouakou Gains Kpan N’guetta Moïse Ehouman Seydou Tiho Laboratory of Ecology and Sustainable Development (LEDD) Department of Natural Sciences (UFR SN) University Nangui ABROGOUA Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

The roads in correlation with the traffic linked to their existences are at the origin of the emission of numerous polluting substances likely to induce disturbances of the growth and the behavioral changes in the organisms living in their vicinities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the growth and capacity accumulation of a common earthworm species (Millsonia omodeoi) in Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils along a main road called “Autoroute du Nord” in C?te d’Ivoire. Thus, the earthworms were harvested in soils from a distance of 0 m (just after the sidewalk) to a distance of 200 m from the toll highway and in a control soil sampled in Lamto reserve (C?te d’Ivoire). The study was carried out in the soil laboratory at the ecological station of Lamto reserve. The Ford-Walford technique was used to determine the model and parameters most appropriated for describing the growth of earthworms. A pairwise comparison of the growth parameters was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test with the STATISTICA 7.1 software. The heavy metals contained in the cultivated soils and earthworms were detected and quantified using a Scanning Electron Micro-scope (MEB FEG Supra 40 VP Zeiss) and an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer SPECTRA 110 (VARIAN). The capacity accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm was determined by the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) calculation. The results of this study showed that Gompertz is the most appropriated model to describe the growth of M. omodeoi. The life cycle of M. omodeoi shows that this earthworm adopts a K type demographic strategy. Cu is the most accumulated heavy metals in M. omodeoi, when Cr is the least accumulated. Concerning heavy metal content in the earthworms, it decreases while moving away from the pavement. These results highlight a possibility of choice of M. omodeoi as 1) indicators of heavy metals pollution and 2) target of biological organisms for environmental impact studies.

关键词： M. omodeoi Bioaccumulation heavy metals “Autoroute du Nord” Côte d’Ivoire

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

欢迎您,

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

欢迎您,

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：