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Astrocytes integrate time and space

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第2期20卷 467-468页

作者： Justin Lines Department of Biological Sciences Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA

Astrocytes read and react to synaptic transmission through tripartite synapses,where the binding of neurotransmitters onto astrocytic receptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium.Recent investigations have revealed that astrocytes exhibit two distinct states of intracellular calcium activity:(1)Graded subcellular localized clusters with independently active microdomains,likely influenced by nearby synaptic events,and(2)whole-cell astrocyte calcium surges,believed to result from the coordinated activation of multiple synapses.Notably,astrocyte calcium responses are not solely Graded;instead,a spatial threshold of intracellular calcium activity can be overcome to elicit an astrocyte calcium surge.Together these calcium responses,in turn,initiate downstream signaling pathways capable of modifying synaptic communication and overall network activity.In summary,astrocytes can function as integrators of local synaptic events,actively contributing to information processing within the brain.

关键词： Graded integrate instead

Significantly enhanced flashover voltage of epoxy in vacuum by Graded surface roughness modification

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High Voltage 2023年第5期8卷 997-1010页

作者： Inzamam Ul Haq Feipeng Wang Shakeel Akram Muneeb Ahmed Muhammad Tariq Nazir State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment&System Security and New Technology Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina School of Engineering RMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia

The flashover strength of epoxy(EP)insulations in the High voltage direct current applications of future energy grids can be improved by tailoring their surface condition.This work aims to improve the DC surface flashover characteristics of EP after being treated with sandpaper of different gradings.Samples with virgin EP and homogenously modified EP considering varying surface roughness(R_(a)=0.54,3.16,5.24,and 8.35μm)are prepared.Different experimental characterisations,such as water contact angle,surface intrinsic conductivity,surface voltages,flashover strength,and trap distributions are conducted and evaluated to analyse the difference between virgin and treated EP.Moreover,based on the obtained experimental results of homogenously treated EP and theoretical analysis,the concept of surface functionally Graded materials(SFGMs)is put forward.The flashover voltages of homogenously treated EP are augmented significantly compared to virgin EP regardless of the voltage polarity and enhanced by enhancing the surface roughness.The sample T_(Model‐C) with SFGM design shows a 45.02%and 43.75%improvement in the negative and positive flashover voltages than that of the virgin EP.In the end,COMSOL simulations are conducted to justify the experimental findings and to analyse the difference between virgin and modified samples in terms of electric field distribution.

关键词： flash Graded roughness

Electric field control by permittivity functionally Graded and superficially non-linear conductivity materials for DC-GIS spacer

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High Voltage 2022年第5期7卷 992-1000页

作者： Boxue Du Jianan Dong Hucheng Liang School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina

This paper offers a simulation study on the application of a novel approach to control the electric field around a basin-type spacer by combining permittivity functionally Graded materials(ε-FGM)and superficially non-linear conductivity materials(SNCM),namely multi-dimensional functional materials(MDFM).The permittivity distribution of theε-FGM spacer is designed by the iteration optimization algorithm,and the epoxy/SiC composites with 30 and 60 phr doping contents are assigned as the coating materials of two SNCM spacers,namely SNCM30 and SNCM60.The MDFM spacer combinesε-FGM in its bulk and SNCM60 on its surface.The electric field regulation effect of each functional spacer is investigated under variable conditions,that is,DC steady state(DC-steady),DC turn-on state(DC-on),DC polarity reversal(DC-PR),and DC superimposed with switching impulse voltage(DC-SI).Results show that the applicability ofε-FGM and SNCM is limited to transient and stationary conditions,respectively.The MDFM spacer combines the advantages ofε-FGM and SNCM for adaptively relaxing the electric field under all the above conditions.It is hoped that this research will be beneficial to the development and application of spacers for the direct current gas-insulated switchgear(DC-GIS).

关键词： composites Graded field

Stretchable Graded multichannel self-powered respiratory sensor inspired by shark gill

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Fundamental Research 2022年第4期2卷 619-628页

作者： Yang Zou Yansong Gai Puchuan Tan Dongjie Jiang Xuecheng Qu Jiangtao Xue Han Ouyang Bojing Shi Linlin Li Dan Luo Yulin Deng Zhou Li Zhong Lin Wang School of Life Science Institute of Enginering MedicinBejing Institute of TechnologyBejing 10oo81China CAs Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Bejing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and SensorBejing Instute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Acadermy of SciencesBeijing 101400China Center on Nanoenergy Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Physical Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversiyNanning 53004China Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry Bejing Advanced Inovation Centre for Biomedical Engieering School of Biological Science and Medical EngineringBeihang UniversityBejing 100083China School of Nanoscience and Technology Universiy of Chinese Academy of ScienesBejing 100049China

Respiratory sensing provides a simple,non-invasive,and efficient way for medical diagnosis and health monitoring,but it relies on sensors that are conformal,accurate,durable,and sustainable working.Here,a stretchgll structure can convert transverse elastic deformation into longitudinal elastic deformation during stretching.able,multichannel respiratory sensor inspired by the structure of shark gill cleftis reported.The bionic shark Combining the optimized bionic shark gll structure with the piezoelectric and the triboelectric effect,the bionic shark gill respiratory sensor(BSG-RS)can produce a Graded electrical response to different tensile strains.Based on this feature,BSG-RS can simultaneously monitor the breathing rate and breathing depth of the human body accurately,and realize the effective recognition of the different human body's breathing state under the supporting software,With good stretchability,wearabilit,acuracy,and long-term stability(50,0oo cycles),BSG-RS is expected to be applied as self-powered smart wearables for mobile medical diagnostic analysis in the future.

关键词： Bionic Sharkgill Graded Multichannel Respiratory sensing

Holographic fabrication of octagon Graded photonic supercrystal and potential applications in topological photonics

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2020年第1期13卷 12-17页

作者： Oliver SALE Safaa HASSAN Noah HURLEY Khadijah ALNASSER Usha PHILIPOSE Hualiang ZHANG Yuankun LIN Department of Physics University of North TexasDentonTX 76203USA ECE Department University of Massachusetts LowellLowellMA 01854USA Department of Electrical Engineering University of North TexasDentonTX 76203USA

Novel optical properties in Graded photonic super-crystals can be further explored if new types of Graded photonic super-crystals are fabricated.In this paper,we report holographic fabrication of Graded photonic super-crystal with eight Graded lattice clusters surrounding the central non-gradient lattices through pixel-by-pixel phase engineering in a spatial light modulator.The prospect of applications of octagon Graded photonic super-crystal in topological photonics is discussed through photonic band gap engineering and coupled ring resonators.

关键词： 2D photonic crystal Graded photonic supercrystal holographic fabrication photonic band structure

Efficient and Stable Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells with Inorganic Perovskite/Carbon Quantum Dot-Graded Heterojunction

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Research 2021年第1期2021卷 1274-1283页

作者： Qiang Sun Cai Shen Deyu Wang Tao Zhang Huaxia Ban Yan Shen Zhipan Zhang Xiao-Li Zhang Guanjun Yang Mingkui Wang Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei 430074China Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology&Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences1219 Zhongguan RoadNingbo 315201China School of Chemistry Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 102488China State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon&Environmental Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou University450001China State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

This work reports on a compositionally Graded heterojunction for photovoltaic application by cooperating fluorine-doped carbon quantum dots(FCQDs in short)into the CsPbI_(2.5)Br_(0.5)inorganic perovskite layer.Using this CsPbI_(2.5)Br_(0.5)/FCQDs Graded heterojunction in conjunction with low-temperature-processed carbon electrode,a power conversion efficiency of 13.53%for 1 cm^(2)all-inorganic perovskite solar cell can be achieved at AM 1.5G solar irradiation.To the best of our knowledge,this is one of the highest efficiency reported for carbon electrode based all-inorganic perovskite solar cells so far,and the first report of 1 cm^(2)carbon counter electrode based inorganic perovskite solar cell with PCE exceeding 13%.Moreover,the inorganic perovskite/carbon quantum dot Graded heterojunction photovoltaics maintained over 90%of their initial efficiency after thermal aging at 85°for 1056 hours.This conception of constructing inorganic perovskite/FCQDs Graded heterojunction offers a feasible pathway to develop efficient and stable photovoltaics for scale-up and practical applications.

关键词： perovskite inorganic Graded

MICROSTRUCTURE　AND　THERMAL　STRESS　RELAXATION　OF　ZrO_2－Ni　FUNCTIONALLY　Graded　MATERIAL

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 1996年第4期6卷 94-99页

作者： Zhu Jingchuan Yin Zhongda Lai Zhonghong Li Jian(School of Materials Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001) School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China

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关键词： functionally Graded material zirconia nickel microstructure thermal stress relaxation

Coupling Magneto-Electro-Elastic node-based smoothed radial point interpolation method for free vibration and transient analysis of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic structures

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2020年第1期33卷 227-243页

作者： Liming ZHOU Shuhui REN Bin NIE Guikai GUO Xiangyang CUI School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun 130025China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China

A Coupling Magneto-Electro-Elastic(MEE)Node-based Smoothed Radial Point Interpolation Method(CM-NS-RPIM)was proposed to solve the free vibration and transient responses of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic(FGMEE)structures.By introducing the modified Newmark method,the displacement,electrical potential and magnetic potential of the structures under transient mechanical loading were obtained.Based on G space theory and the weakened weak(W2)formulation,the equations of the multi-physics coupling problems were derived.Using triangular background elements,the free vibration and transient responses of three numerical examples were studied.Results proved that CM-NS-RPIM performed better than the standard FEM by reducing the overly-stiff of structures.Moreover,CM-NS-RPIM could reduce the number of nodes while guaranteeing the accuracy.Besides,triangular elements could be generated automatically even for complex geometries.Therefore,the effectiveness and validity of CM-NS-RPIM were demonstrated,which were valuable for the design of intelligence devices,such as energy harvesters and sensors.

关键词： Coupling Magneto-Electro-Elastic node-based smoothed radial point interpolation method Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic Gradient smoothing technique Rayleigh damping Transient responses

Minimisation of electric field stress at triple junction of a functionally Graded cone type spacer in a gas insulated busduct with metal inserts

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High Voltage 2017年第2期2卷 110-118页

作者： Yerra Swamy Naidu Gundavarapu Venkata Nagesh Kumar Department of EEE Vizag Institute of TechnologyVisakhapatnamIndia Department of EEE Vignan's Institute of Information TechnologyVisakhapatnamIndia

Insulation integrity of supporting insulator plays a vital role for determining the continuity of service of the gas insulated substation which depends upon the electric field stress distribution on the surface of the spacer.Triple junction formed by the conductor,SF6 gas and support insulator is another critical area where the field stress is to be maintained at minimum value.Shape control is a technique employed for obtaining uniform field stress along the surface of the spacer but this technique may sometimes leads to very uneven shapes.In this study,a functional Graded material is designed for the standard cone type spacer to obtain uniform field stress along the surface of spacer to overcome the above problem.The grading of spacer is done with different permittivities.Electric field is computed for three cases namely grading to high,grading to low and U Shape.The metal inserts were tuned and stress is obtained in account of lower fields at the triple point junction and an improved uniform field distribution along the surface is obtained.

关键词： stress Graded field