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Insights into Seasonal Dormancy of Perennial Herbaceous forages

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第11期8卷 2650-2680页

作者： Laxman Adhikari Rasyidah M. Razar Dev Paudel Ruyue Ding Ali M. Missaoui Institute of Plant Breeding Genetics and Genomics University of Georgia Athens GA USA Agronomy Department University of Florida Gainesville FL USA

Seasonal dormancy is an adaptive mechanism where plants suspend growth and become physiologically inactive to avoid extreme environmental conditions. Environmental factors like temperature, photoperiod, nutrients, and soil moisture control plant growth and development through various complex molecular mechanisms. Crown and seed dormancy of plants are mostly influenced by day length and temperature. Genes and physiological pathways triggered by these two factors along with genotype variability are some targets to manipulate seasonal dormancy. There is genetic variation in the depth and duration of seasonal dormancy. Therefore, their genetic manipulation is possible. Manipulations of summer and fall dormancy are relatively easier compared to winter dormancy because plants require protection of their apical meristem from freezing temperatures and limited water supply. Genetic factors that regulate seed dormancy may also have regulatory role for seasonal dormancy of the maternal plants. Limited genetic and genomic information are available for seasonal dormancy in herbaceous perennial species. Knowledge of genes controlling seasonal dormancy of eudicots, forest trees, and horticultural crops could be interpolated to explore possible dormancy mechanisms in perennial forages. This study reviews current knowledge of seasonal dormancy of herbaceous forages emphasizing the genetic and physiological context that would be valuable to breeders and plant biologists to expand the production season of perennial species by developing non-dormant and semi-dormant cultivars.

关键词： Herbaceous Perennials Seasonal Dormancy Genes Endodormancy forages Hormones

Nitrogen recovery and agronomic efficiency of forages with nitrogen fertilization under flooded condition

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Agricultural Sciences 2013年第3期4卷 138-148页

作者： Gilbert C. Sigua Mimi M. Williams Chad C. Chase Jr. Janet Grabowski Manoch Kongchum United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Florence USA United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Brooksville USA United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Clay Center USA School of Plant Environmental and Soil Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge USA

The cow-calf (Bos taurus) industry in subtropical United States and other parts of the world that depends almost totally on grazed pastures is facing several production constraints like changing climatic conditions and increasing cost of fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N). Particularly little is known about the response of forage species to the combined effect of water-logging and the addition of N. A two-year greenhouse study was conducted in 2008 and 2009 to determine i) the effect of flooding duration on N recovery and agronomic efficiency of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) compared with two flooding tolerant forages, limpograss (Hemarthria altissima Poir), and maidencane (Panicum hematomon Schult) and ii) if N fertilization could mitigate the negative effect of flooding. Nitrogen recovery and agronomic efficiency varied significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among forage species. Averaged across levels of N, N recovery of bahiagrass and limpograss was reduced by about 41% and 56%, respectively after 84 d of continued flooding while N recovery of maidencane was slightly increase by about 5% between 0 and 84 d of flooding. Agronomic efficiencies of bahiagrass (41% to 26%) and limpograss (44% to 31%) were reduced by flooding while agronomic efficiency of maidencane was increased from 24% (no flooding) to 46% at 84 d of continued flooding. However, N recovery and agronomic efficiency of three forage species was positively affected by N fertilization. The overall N recovery of bahiagrass, limpograss, and maidencane ranged from 44% to 59%. Nitrogen fertilization could improve N recovery and agronomic efficiency of forage species under waterlogged condition.

关键词： forages Nitrogen Recovery Agronomic Efficiency Flooding Nitrogen

Influence of drying technique on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of subtropical Cajanus cajan L.

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Animal Nutrition 2019年第1期5卷 95-100页

作者： Lindokuhle S.Buthelezi John F.Mupangwa Voster Muchenje Florence V.Nherera-Chokuda University of Fort Hare Department of Livestock and Pasture Science Agricultural Research Council Animal Production Institute

The experiment investigated the influence of forage drying methods on the dry-matter digestibility of foliage from Cajanus cajan varieties(ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT100/01). These leaves were harvested at week 20 of growth and either oven-or shade-dried and analysed for chemical components and rumen degradability. Three rumen fistulated lactating Holstein cows(430 ± 18 kg live weight) were used to evaluate ruminal degradation kinetics using in vitro and in sacco procedures. Samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in vitro(Ⅳ Daisy^(Ⅱ)) procedure. In the in sacco procedure, samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in the rumen of cows. Dry matter disappearance(DMD)data for both measures were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 -e^(-ct)), where b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the degradation rate constant, to approximate rumen degradability characteristics of varieties. Shade dried leaves contained higher crude protein(CP)(P 0.05) on ash, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) of varieties. Drying method did not affect(P > 0.05) calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) concentration in the forage dry matter. Drying method had no effect(P > 0.05) on b and c of all varieties during in vitro procedure. However, shade-drying method increased(P < 0.05) b and c of all varieties during in sacco procedure. It was concluded that shade-drying, in contrast to oven-drying, would be the most suitable method as it improves the nutritive value of the forage for ruminants.

关键词： forages In vitro In sacco Degradation Drying methods

Diverse perennial circular forage systems are needed to foster resilience, ecosystem services, and socioeconomic benefits in agricultural landscapes

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Grassland Research 2022年第2期1卷 123-130页

作者： Valentin D.Picasso Marisol Berti Kim Cassida Sarah Collier Di Fang Ann Finan Margaret Krome David Hannaway William Lamp Andrew W.Stevens Carol Williams Department of Agronomy University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA Department of Plant Sciences North Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA Food and Resource Economics Department University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA Department of Sociology St.Cloud State UniversitySt.CloudMinnesotaUSA Michael Fields Agricultural Institute East TroyWisconsinUSA Department of Crop&Soil Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA Department of Entomology University of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA

Prevailing agricultural systems dominated by annual crop monocultures,and the landscapes that contain them,lack resilience and *** are vulnerable to extreme weather events,contribute to degradation of soil,water,and air quality,reduce biodiversity,and negatively impact human health,social engagement,and *** achieve greater resilience,stability,and multiple ecosystem services therein,and to improve socioeconomic outcomes,we propose a practical framework to gain multifunctionality at multiple *** framework includes forages within agroecosystems that have the essential structural features of diversity,perenniality,and *** three structural features are associated with increased resilience,stability,and provision of several ecosystem services,which in turn improve human health and socioeconomic *** framework improves understanding of,and access to,tools and materials for promoting the adoption of diverse circular agroecosystems with perennial *** of this framework can result in land transformations that solve sustainability challenges in agriculture if policy,economic,and social barriers can be overcome by a transdisciplinary process of equitable knowledge production.

关键词： climate change forages multifunctionality resilience soil health sustainability transdisciplinary

Forage breeding and cultivar development:A 50-year perspective

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Grassland Research 2023年第2期2卷 97-105页

作者： Joseph Henry Bouton Institute of Plant Breeding Geneticsand GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA Bouton Consulting Group LLCAthensGeorgiaUSA

This article represents the perspective of one retired,academic forage breeder and cultivar developer after 50 years of working *** cultivars that help farmers within pastoral agriculture is the main goal,a system where livestock is the *** Grassland Congress proceedings,as well as the general literature,are historical guides for the state of forage *** was achieved through technologies;better equipment for planting and harvesting;and advances in computer computation and *** achievements were fitful and continue to *** performance mean-reversion,cost to the program,and what the farmer seed buyer was willing to pay are important considerations for applying any technology,especially *** promises were too *** was due,in part,to a lack of understanding that traditional phenotypic/genotypic field selection programs operate in a complex way with multiple species and several traits screened simultaneously at a modest *** majority of current forage cultivars are from field-based *** participation at scientific conferences declined over time,with less sharing of information the *** developers will continue using basic field selection methods but should explore applying any technology;just be clever on when,how,and with whom to use *** advice and experiences are also presented and discussed.

关键词： biotechnologies breeding cultivars farmers forages genetics livestock pastures

Selenium Concentrations in Southeastern Missouri Soils and Its Impact on Livestock Nutrition

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第12期13卷 1363-1378页

作者： Michael Aide Indi Braden Shakirah Nakasagga Kevin Sargent Samantha Siemers Miriam Snider Marissa Wilson Department of Agriculture Southeast Missouri State University Cape Girardeau USA

Selenium is a trace element in animal nutrition provided through forage. Vegetation should accumulate adequate levels to meet this livestock requirement. This study assessed southeastern Missouri soils for their selenium concentrations. Multiple sites across southeastern Missouri were sampled, from which a total of twenty-six soils were collected. Parent materials ranged from coarse to fine-textured alluvium and terrace deposits, colluvium, loess, limestone residuum and rhyolite residuum from poor to well-drained soils. The mean whole soil selenium contents ranged from less than 0.1 mg Se kg-1 for the Kaintuck pedons to 1.0, 2.2, and 2.4 mg Se kg-1 for the Irondale, Killarney, and Frenchmill pedons. For individual soils, Menfro pedons were deep, well-drained soils developed in loess. Paired Menfro pedons having similar soil morphology and having A-E-BE-Bt-C horizon sequences were selected and the greatest selenium concentrations were in the argillic horizons. Soils having fine textures (clayey) had moderate selenium concentrations, whereas soils having coarse textures (sandy) revealed minimal selenium concentrations. A wide soil selenium concentration variation was shown;however, no toxic selenium levels were measured. Therefore, soil selenium toxicity is not a regional issue. Noting that soil selenium concentrations in medium to fine-textured soils are appropriate for providing selenium to livestock, the need to artificially soil incorporate selenium or add selenium into the livestock ration remains critical for coarse-textured soils.

关键词： Selenite Selenide Animal Nutrition Soil forages Animal Health Selenomethionine

Social and cultural implications of scaling out livestock production in the Lao PDR

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Social and cultural implications of scaling out livestock pr...