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Exploring impact of street layout on urban flood risk of people and vehicles under extreme rainfall based on numerical experiments

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2023年第9期66卷 2561-2574页

作者： MEI Chao LIU JiaHong SHI HongYuan WANG Hao WANG Jia DONG LiRong SONG TianXu ZHANG HaiJia State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100038China Key Laboratory of River Basin Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources(Preparation) Beijing 100038China Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Water Cycle and Sponge City Technology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Urban street layout is an important factor in the formation process, characteristics, and risk level of urban flooding;therefore, this study numerically investigates the impact of street layout on urban flood risk to people and vehicles. Four typical street-layout scenarios with areas of 3 km × 3 km are established based on a block-scale investigation. The layout types are regular grid,irregular grid, radial, and annular. Urban inundation models are then constructed for these typical street layouts based on the twodimensional(2D) hydrodynamic method. Two historic, extreme rainfall events, which occurred in Beijing on July 21, 2012 and in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021, are used as rainstorm scenarios for urban inundation modelling. The flood risks to people and vehicles are then calculated. Results show that, for an extreme rainstorm on the block scale, the street layout impacts the spatial and temporal distributions of the inundation variables, which include the water depth, flow velocity, flood volume, and inundated area. Moreover, for the same extreme-rainfall scenario, the greatest differences in the total flood volume, maximum street-water depth, and maximum street-flow velocity caused by street-layout differences are 17.22%, 60.25%, and 61.50%, *** the four street layouts considered in this study, the annular street layout exhibits the lowest degrees of inundation and flood risk. For the same extreme-rainfall scenario, the proportions of high-risk road sections for adults and children in this layout are 58.89% and 62.28% smaller than those for the layout with the largest proportion of high-risk road sections, respectively;the proportions of high-risk road sections for the Honda Accord and Audi Q7 were 55.31% and 53.04% smaller, respectively. The findings of this study may aid scientific understanding and development of “flood-sensitive” block-scale street layouts and urban planning in the context of the changing environment.

关键词： urban inundation street layout urban form flood risk hydrodynamic simulation

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Classification of yearly extreme precipitation events and associated flood risk in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第9期61卷 1341-1356页

作者： Zhiqing XIE Yin DU Yan ZENG Qian MIAO Jiangsu Climate Center Nanfing 210009 China Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Climate Dynamics Research Center Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China Huaihe Basin Meteorological Center Hefei 230031 China

Fifty cases of regional yearly extreme precipitation events （RYEPEs） were identified over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley （YHRV） during 1979-2016 applying the statistical percentile method. There were five types of RYEPEs, namely Yangtze Meiyu （YM-RYEPE）, Huaihe Meiyu （HM-RYEPE）, southwest-northeast-oriented Meiyu （SWNE-RYEPE） and typhoon I and II （TC-RYEPE） types of RYEPEs. Potential vorticity diagnosis showed that propagation trajectories of the RYEPEs along the Western Pacific Subtropical High and its steering flow were concentrated over the southern YHRV. As a result, the strongest and most frequently RYEPEs events, about 16-21 cases with average rainfall above 100 mm, occurred in the southern YHRV, particularly in the Nanjing metropolitan area. There have been 14 cases of flood-inducing RYEPEs since 1979, with the submerged area exceeding 120 km2 as simulated by the floodArea hydraulic model, comprising six HM-RYEPEs, five YM- RYEPEs, two TC-RYEPEs, and one SWNE-RYEPE. The combination of evolving RYEPEs and rapid expansion of urban agglomeration is most likely to change the flood risk distribution over the Nanjing metropolitan area in the future. In the RCP6.0 （RCPS.5） scenario, the built-up area increases at a rate of about 10.41 km2 （10 yr）-t（24.67 km2 （10 yr）-1） from 2010 to 2100, and the area of high flood risk correspondingly increases from 3.86 km2（3.86 km2） to 9.00 kin2（13.51 km2）. Areas of high flood risk are mainly located at Chishan Lake in Jurong, Lukou International Airport in Nanjing, Dongshan in Jiangning District, Lishui District and other low-lying areas. The accurate simulation of flood scenarios can help reduce losses due to torrential flooding and improve early warnings, evacuation planning and risk analysis. More attention should be paid to the projected high flood risk because of the concentrated population, industrial zones and social wealth throughout the Nanjing metropolitan area.

关键词： Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley Extreme precipitation events floodArea model flood risk

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Statistics of Evolving Populations and Their Relevance to flood risk

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Journal of Earth Science 2016年第1期27卷 2-8页

作者： Robert E.Criss Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington University in St.Louis

Statistical methods are commonly used to evaluate natural populations and environmental variables, yet these must recognize temporal trends in population character to be appropriate in an evolving world. New equations presented here define the statistical measures of aggregate historical populations affected by linear changes in population means and standard deviations. These can be used to extract the statistical character of present-day populations, needed to define modern variability and risk, from tables of historical data that are dominated by measurements made when conditions were different. As an example, many factors such as climate change and in-channel structures are causing flood levels to rise, so realistic estimation of future flood levels must take such secular changes into account. The new equations provide estimates of water levels for ＂100-year＂ floods in the USA Midwest that are 0.5 to 2 m higher than official calculations that routinely assume population stationarity. These equations also show that flood levels will continue to rise by several centimeters per year. This rate is nearly ten times faster than the rise of sea level, and thus represents one of the fastest and most damaging rates of change that is documented by robust data.

关键词： flood risk statistical theory Mississippi River.

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Built-in risk:Linking Housing Concerns and flood risk in Subsidized Housing Settlements in Cape Town, South Africa

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International Journal of Disaster risk Science 2014年第4期5卷 313-322页

作者： Robyn Pharoah Research Alliance for Disaster and risk Reduction(RADAR) Stellenbosch UniversityMatieland 7602South Africa

As in many other settings in developing countries, discussions on urban flooding in South Africa tend to focus on informal settlements. There is less attention to poor but formal housing areas, based on the largely untested assumption that the formalization of housing addresses risk. This is at odds with an extensive literature from the housing and developmental sectors that highlights weaknesses in the location and construction of low-income housing, particularly state-subsidized housing. Drawing on research in 10 poor, flood-prone settlements in Cape Town,South Africa, this article explores whether providing housing addresses risk. The results show that flooding remains a challenge in subsidized housing areas and that risk is linked strongly to the buildings themselves. Poorly designed and constructed dwellings perpetuate risk in lowincome areas. While divorced conceptually and practically,disaster risk and housing issues are critically linked, and housing concerns must be factored into discussions on flooding in Cape Town and comparable settings elsewhere.

关键词： Cape Town flood risk Subsidized housing Urban housing

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Potential Linkages Between Social Capital,flood risk Perceptions,and Self-Efficacy

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International Journal of Disaster risk Science 2020年第3期11卷 251-262页

作者： Paul Hudson Liselotte Hagedoorn Philip Bubeck Institute of Environmental Science and Geography University of Potsdam14476 PotsdamGermany Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije University1081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands

A growing focus is being placed on both individuals and communities to adapt to flooding as part of the Sendai Framework for Disaster risk Reduction 2015–*** to flooding requires sufficient social capital(linkages between members of society),risk perceptions(understanding of risk),and self-efficacy(selfperceived ability to limit disaster impacts)to be ***,there is limited understanding of how social capital,risk perceptions,and self-efficacy *** seek to explore how social capital interacts with variables known to increase the likelihood of successful *** study these linkages we analyze survey data of 1010 respondents across two communities in Thua Tien-Hue Province in central Vietnam,using ordered probit *** find positive correlations between social capital,risk perceptions,and self-efficacy *** is a partly contrary finding to what was found in previous studies linking these concepts in Europe,which may be a result from the difference in risk *** absence of an overall negative exchange between these factors has positive implications for proactive flood risk adaptation.

关键词： flood risk Protection motivation theory risk perceptions Social capital Self-efficacy Vietnam

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INTEGRATED DESIGN FOR flood risk AND SPATIAL QUALITY-EXAMPLES FROM THE DUTCH DELTA PROGRAMME

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Journal of Green Building 2018年第1期13卷 159-184页

作者： Anne Loes Nillesen DEFACTO Architecture and Urbanism

INTRODUCTION The Netherlands faces a significant flood risk task. In order to remain a safe place to live the Netherlands has to upgrade its extensive flood risk protection system. This results in an elevation and reinforcement task for many of the Netherlands water barriers. When those barriers are positioned in an open landscape, the technical rein-forcement is often easy to embed specially. However, many barriers have been built over the years making the reinforcement into a challenging spatial assignment. This article shows different case study examples of a research by design study (performed in the broader context of the Dutch Delta programme) that explores integral design solutions for flood risk and spatial (re)development. The Houston Galveston Bay case study demonstrates the international applicability of the research by design method.

关键词： research by design flood risk integral design Dutch Delta programme spatial design The Hague Rijnmond region(The Netherlands) Houston Galveston Bay(USA).

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From China’s Heavy Precipitation in 2020 to a “Glocal” Hydrometeorological Solution for flood risk Prediction

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第1期38卷 1-7页

作者： Huan WU Xiaomeng LI Guy J.-P.SCHUMANN Lorenzo ALFIERI Yun CHEN Hui XU Zhifang WU Hong LU Yamin HU Qiang ZHU Zhijun HUANG Weitian CHEN Ying HU Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies and School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangdong 510000China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory Guangdong 519000China Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of MarylandMaryland 20742USA School of Geographical Sciences University of BristolBristol BS81THUK DFO Global flood Observatory University of Colorado BoulderBoulder 80309USA CIMA Research Foundation Savona 17100Italy National Meteorological Center Beijing 100081China Guangdong Meteorological Center GuangzhouGuangdong 510000China GuangXi Climate Center NanningGuangxi 530000China Guangdong Climate Center GuangzhouGuangdong 510000China China Three Gorges Corporation Beijing 100081China

The prolonged mei-yu/baiu system with anomalous precipitation in the year 2020 has swollen many rivers and lakes,caused flash flooding,urban flooding and landslides,and consistently wreaked havoc across large swathes of China,particularly in the Yangtze River *** precipitation and flooding anomalies have already been seen in magnitude and extension so far this year,which have been exerting much higher pressure on emergency responses in flood control and mitigation than in other years,even though a rainy season with multiple ongoing serious flood events in different provinces is not that uncommon in *** of delving into the causes of the uniqueness of this year’s extreme precipitation-flooding situation,which certainly warrants in-depth exploration,in this article we provide a short view toward a more general hydrometeorological solution to this annual nationwide problem.A“glocal”(global to local)hydrometeorological solution for floods(GHS-F)is considered to be critical for better preparedness,mitigation,and management of different types of significant precipitation-caused flooding,which happen extensively almost every year in many countries such as China,India and the United *** a GHS-F model is necessary from both scientific and operational perspectives,with the strength in providing spatially consistent flood definitions and spatially distributed flood risk classification considering the heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience across the entire *** in the development of such a GHS-F are suggested,emphasizing the user’s requirements and needs according to practical experiences with various flood response agencies.

关键词： flooding flood risk global to local hydrological model extreme precipitation

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Farmers＇ vulnerability to flood risk： A case study in the Poyang Lake Region

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2007年第3期17卷 269-284页

作者： MA Dingguo CHEN Jie ZHANG Wenjiang ZHENG Lin LIU Ying Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China College of Geography ＆ Environment Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China

This paper quantitatively explores farmers＇ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region （PLR） with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and characteristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model （DEM） derived from the 1：50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are： rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices （as GIS data layers） were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coefficient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers＇ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the ＂five rivers＂.

关键词： flood risk farmer vulnerabifity Poyang Lake Region

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flood risk Mapping of the Benin Municipalities at the Intersection of the Coastal Sedimentary Zone and the Crystalline Surface

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2024年第5期16卷 321-342页

作者： Éric Alain Mahugnon Tchibozo Apollinaire Cyriaque Agbon Azize Ognondoun Bidossessi Roméo David Houessinon Geomatics Applications and Environmental Management Laboratory (LA2GE) Adjarra Benin Department of Geography and Regional Planning Adjarra Benin Faculty of Letters Arts and Human Sciences (FLASH-Adjarra) University of Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Benin

Climate change and population growth have led to the increase and/or intensification of flooding becoming a major issue. The objective of this study is to visualize flooding risk of municipalities at the intersection of the coastal sedimentary zone and the crystalline surface. The methodology adopted is based on geomatic approach, which involves documentary research, processing and assisted classification using remote sensing images and multi-criteria analysis of the Geographic Information System (GIS). flooding risk is very high at 8.85% in Djidja, Toffo, Zè and Bonou municipalities. In other municipalities such as Agbangnizoun, Abomey, Bohicon, Za-Kpota and Cove, it is high of 46.85%. To the Southeast of the study area, it is located on the eastern and western banks of Oueme Valley. The medium risk represents 26.35% and is located in the municipalities of Ouinhi and Adjohoun. The other municipalities have a low rate of 17.95%. risk modeling has made it possible to access the various levels of rising water that can cause flooding. Land-use planning decisions can be influenced by the results of this study.

关键词： Geomatic flood risk Contact Line Municipalities Benin

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Modeling and Mapping flood Hazard with a flood risk Assessment Tool: A Case Study of Austin, Texas

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2022年第4期14卷 332-346页

作者： Chikodinaka Vanessa Ekeanyanwu Priyanjali Bose Matthew Beavers Yihong Yuan Inioluwa Obisakin Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Texas State University San Marcos TX USA Ingram School of Engineering Texas State University San Marcos TX USA

As a hazard, flood is an extremely important indicator of how a city is resilient to waterborne diseases and epidemics. Over many decades, flood as a hazard has been a major factor in inducing displacement of marginalized section of the people. Austin city within Central Texas has been identified as one of the major hotspots for flooding in recent decades. Thus, the objectives of the paper are two folded: 1) Empirically, we analyzed and mapped out the susceptibility levels from the factors of physical environments to assess the risk of urban flooding (rainfall data, surface water bodies and topography);in Austin, Texas and 2) Methodologically, we created a re-useable ArcGIS scripting tool that can be used by researchers to automate the process of flood risk modelling with certain criteria. The paper showcases a novel time sensitive building of a tool which will enable better visibility of flood within the city of Austin.

关键词： Mapping Texas flood risk Susceptibility Vulnerability GIS ArcPy

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