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Optimized operation scheme of flash-memory-based neural network online training with ultra-high endurance

Journal of Semiconductors 2024年第1期45卷 33-37页

作者： Yang Feng Zhaohui Sun Yueran Qi Xuepeng Zhan Junyu Zhang Jing Liu Masaharu Kobayashi Jixuan Wu Jiezhi Chen School of Information Science and Engineering(ISE) Shandong UniversityQingdao 266200China Neumem Co. LtdHefei 230093China Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100084China Institute of Industrial Science The University of TokyoTokyoJapan

With the rapid development of machine learning,the demand for high-efficient computing becomes more and more urgent.To break the bottleneck of the traditional Von Neumann architecture,computing-in-memory(CIM)has attracted increasing attention in recent years.In this work,to provide a feasible CIM solution for the large-scale neural networks(NN)requiring continuous weight updating in online training,a flash-based computing-in-memory with high endurance(10^(9) cycles)and ultrafast programming speed is investigated.On the one hand,the proposed programming scheme of channel hot electron injection(CHEI)and hot hole injection(HHI)demonstrate high linearity,symmetric potentiation,and a depression process,which help to improve the training speed and accuracy.On the other hand,the low-damage programming scheme and memory window(MW)optimizations can suppress cell degradation effectively with improved computing accuracy.Even after 109 cycles,the leakage current(I_(off))of cells remains sub-10pA,ensuring the large-scale computing ability of memory.Further characterizations are done on read disturb to demonstrate its robust reliabilities.By processing CIFAR-10 tasks,it is evident that~90%accuracy can be achieved after 109 cycles in both ResNet50 and VGG16 NN.Our results suggest that flash-based CIM has great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional Von Neumann architectures and enable high-performance NN online training,which pave the way for further development of artificial intelligence(AI)accelerators.

关键词： NOR flash memory computing-in-memory endurance neural network online training

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Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第4期13卷 499-508页

作者： Jieping Wang Luthfia Dewi Yundong Peng Chien-Wen Hou Yanmin Song Giancarlo Condello Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry University of TaipeiTianmu CampusTaipei 11153China Department of Emergency Medicine National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410008China Department of Nutrition Universitas Muhammadiyah SemarangSemarang 50273Indonesia School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing 10084China Department of Medicine and Surgery University of ParmaParma 43126Italy

Background:The ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance are well-established,even if differences exist among individuals in response to caffeine intake.The genetic variation of a specific gene,human cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2(CYP1A2)(rs762551),may be one reason for this difference.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CYP1A2 gene types on athletes’exercise performance after caffeine intake.Methods:A literature search through 4 databases(Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure)was conducted until March 2023.The effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference(WMD)by calculating fixed effects meta-analysis if heterogeneity was not significant(I^(2)≤50%and p≥0.1).Subgroup analyses were performed based on AA and AC/CC genotype of CYP1A2.Results:The final number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was 12(n=666 participants).The overall analysis showed that the cycling time trial significantly improved after caffeine intake(WMD=-0.48,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.83 to-0.13,p=0.007).In subgroup analyses,acute caffeine intake improved cycling time trial only in individuals with the A allele(WMD=-0.90,95%CI:-1.48 to-0.33,p=0.002),but not the C allele(WMD=-0.08,95%CI:-0.32 to 0.17,p=0.53).Caffeine supplementation did not influence the Wingate(WMD=8.07,95%CI:-22.04 to 38.18,p=0.60)or countermovement jump test(CMJ)performance(WMD=1.17,95%CI:-0.02 to 2.36,p=0.05),and these outcomes were not influenced by CYP1A2 genotype.Conclusion:Participants with the CYP1A2 genotype with A allele improved their cycling time trials after caffeine supplementation.However,compared to placebo,acute caffeine supplementation failed to increase the Wingate or CMJ performance,regardless of CYP1A2 genotype.

关键词： Countermovement jump test endurance Ergogenic aid Gene polymorphism Wingate

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Dose-response effect of pre-exercise carbohydrates under muscle glycogen unavailability:Insights from McArdle disease

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第3期13卷 398-408页

作者： Pedro L.Valenzuela Alfredo Santalla Lidia B.Alejo Andrea Merlo Asuncion Bustos Laura Castellote-Belles Roser Ferrer-Costa Nicola A.Maffiuletti David Barranco-Gil Tomas Pinos Alejandro Lucia Physical Activity and Health Research Group(“PaHerg”) Research Institute of Hospital“12 de Octubre”(“imas12”)Madrid 28041Spain Department of Systems Biology University of AlcalaMadrid 28871Spain Department of Sport and Computer Science Section of Physical Education and SportsFaculty of SportUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevilla 41013Spain EVOPRED Research Group Universidad Europea de CanariasTenerife 38300Spain Faculty of Sport Sciences Universidad Europea de MadridMadrid 28670Spain Gait&Motion Analysis Laboratory Sol et Salus HospitalTorre Pedrera di Rimini(RN)47922Italy Department of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratoris ClınicsHospital Universitari Vall d’HebronBarcelona 08035Spain Human Performance Lab Schulthess ClinicZurich 8008Switzerland Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Disorders(CIBERER) Barcelona 08035Spain Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit Vall d’Hebron Institut de RecercaUniversitat Autonoma de BarcelonaBarcelona 08035Spain

Background:This study aimed to determine the effect of different carbohydrate(CHO)doses on exercise capacity in patients with McArdle disease—the paradigm of“exercise intolerance”,characterized by complete muscle glycogen unavailability—and to determine whether higher exogenous glucose levels affect metabolic responses at the McArdle muscle cell(in vitro)level.Methods:Patients with McArdle disease(n=8)and healthy controls(n=9)underwent a 12-min submaximal cycling constant-load bout followed by a maximal ramp test 15 min after ingesting a non-caloric placebo.In a randomized,double-blinded,cross-over design,patients repeated the tests after consuming either 75 g or 150 g of CHO(glucose:fructose=2:1).Cardiorespiratory,biochemical,perceptual,and electromyographic(EMG)variables were assessed.Additionally,glucose uptake and lactate appearance were studied in vitro in wild-type and McArdle mouse myotubes cultured with increasing glucose concentrations(0.35,1.00,4.50,and 10.00 g/L).Results:Compared with controls,patients showed the“classical”second-wind phenomenon(after prior disproportionate tachycardia,myalgia,and excess electromyographic activity during submaximal exercise,all pendurance exercise capacity(-51%ventilatory threshold and55%peak power output,both p<0.001).Regardless of the CHO dose(p<0.05 for both doses compared with the placebo),CHO intake increased blood glucose and lactate levels,decreased fat oxidation rates,and attenuated the second wind in the patients.However,only the higher dose increased ventilatory threshold(+27%,p=0.010)and peak power output(+18%,p=0.007).In vitro analyses revealed no differences in lactate levels across glucose concentrations in wild-type myotubes,whereas a doseresponse effect was observed in McArdle myotubes.Conclusion:CHO intake exerts beneficial effects on exercise capacity in McArdle disease,a condition associated with total muscle glycogen unavailability.Some of these benefits are dose dependent.

关键词： endurance Glycogen storage disease Glycogenosis Nutrition Supplement

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Seamless morphing trailing edge flaps for UAS-S45 using high-fidelity aerodynamic optimization

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第2期37卷 12-29页

作者： Mir Hossein NEGAHBAN Musavir BASHIR Victor TRAISNEL Ruxandra Mihaela BOTEZ LARCASE Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls Avionics and AeroservoelasticityEcole de Technologie SuperieureUniversite du QuebecMontreal H3C1K3Canada

The seamless trailing edge morphing flap is investigated using a high-fidelity steady-state aerodynamic shape optimization to determine its optimum configuration for different flight conditions,including climb,cruise,and gliding descent.A comparative study is also conducted between a wing equipped with morphing flap and a wing with conventional hinged flap.The optimization is performed by specifying a certain objective function and the flight performance goal for each flight condition.Increasing the climb rate,extending the flight range and endurance in cruise,and decreasing the descend rate,are the flight performance goals covered in this study.Various optimum configurations were found for the morphing wing by determining the optimum morphing flap deflection for each flight condition,based on its objective function,each of which performed better than that of the baseline wing.It was shown that by using optimum configuration for the morphing wing in climb condition,the required power could be reduced by up to 3.8%and climb rate increases by 6.13%.The comparative study also revealed that the morphing wing enhances aerodynamic efficiency by up to 17.8%and extends the laminar flow.Finally,the optimum configuration for the gliding descent brought about a 43%reduction in the descent rate.

关键词： Seamless morphing trailing edge flap Aerodynamic optimization Gradient-based optimiza-tion Climb flight condition Gliding descent Flight range endurance

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The Matthew Effect in Running:An Analysis of Elite endurance Athletes Over 23 Years

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2023年第3期5卷 236-243页

作者： Mabliny Thuany Beat Knechtle Kevin Kipchumba Lee Hill Thayse Natacha Gomes Centre of Research EducationInnovation and Intervention in Sport(CIFI2D)Faculty of SportUniversity of Porto4200-450 PortoPortugal Medbase Street Gallen Am Vadianplatz Vadianstrasse 269001 Street GallenGallenSwitzerland Kenyatta University NairobiKenya Division of Gastroenterology&Nutrition Department of PediatricsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada Department of Physical Education Federal University of Sergipe(UFS)São CristóvãoSergipe 49100-000Brazil

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(HDI),and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’representativeness in the raking alongside the years.Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes,ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon(403 female and 487 male)and marathon(480 female and 482 male)races,between the years 1997-2020.Information about the countries’HDI was included,and categorized as“low HDI”,“medium HDI”,“high HDI”,and“very-high HDI”.Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions(1st-3rd;4th-10th;>10th),and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as“total number of athletes 1997-2000”;“total number of athletes 2001-2010”;and“total number of athletes 2011-2020”.The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables.Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by low HDI and very-high HDI.Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females(χ^(2)=15.52;P=0.017)and males(χ^(2)=9.03;P=0.014),in half-marathon and marathon,respectively.No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes,but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years(1997-2000 to 2001-2010:r=0.60;P<0.001;2001-2010 to-2011-2020:r=0.29;P<0.001).Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI.The Matthew effect was observed,but a generalization of the results should not be done.

关键词： endurance High-elite athletes Human development index

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endurance tests are the most reliable core stability related measurements

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2012年第2期1卷 121-128页

作者： Andy Waldhelm Li Li Department of Kinesiology Louisiana State University112 Long FieldhouseBaton RougeLA 70803USA

Purpose:To determine the intra-tester reliability of clinical measurements that assess five components related to core stability:strength. endurance,flexibility,motor control,and function. Methods:Participants were 15 college-aged males who had not suffered any orthopedic injury in the past year.Core strength measurements included eight isometric tests and a sit-up test.The four core endurance tests were the trunk flexor test,trunk extensor test,and bilateral side bridge tests.Flexibility tests included the sit-and-reach test and active range of the trunk and hip joint motions.Proprioception via passive reposition tests of the hips and a single limb balance test on an unsteady platform were used to evaluate core motor control.Functional measurements consisted of a squat test and a single leg hop test for time and distance.Measurements were performed during two data collection sessions with a week’s rest between the sessions.Intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to establish reliability. Results:The overall intra-rater reliability for all core stability related measurements ranged from low(ICC = 0.35,left hip reposition) to very high(ICC = 0.98,sit-and-reach).As a group,the core endurance tests were observed to be the most reliable. Conclusion:There are highly reliable tests in each of the five groups.Overall,core endurance tests are the most reliable measurements,followed by the flexibility,strength,neuromuscular control,and functional tests,respectively.

关键词： Core stability endurance Reliability Strength

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Effects of intermittent sprint and plyometric training on endurance running performance

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2019年第5期8卷 471-477页

作者： Danny Lum Frankie Tan Joel Pang Tiago M.Barbosa Sports Science Centre Singapore Sports Institute397630 Singapore Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore119077 Singapore Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group National Institute of EducationNanyang Technological University639798 Singapore

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent sprint training and plyometric training on endurance running performance.Methods:Fourteen moderately trained male endurance runners were allocated into either the intermittent sprint training group(n = 7)or the plyometric training group(n = 7).The preliminary tests required subjects to perform a treadmill graded exercise test,a countermovement jump test for peak power measurement,and a 10-km time trial.Training included 12 sessions of either intermittent sprint or plyometric training carried out twice per week.On completion of the intervention,post-tests were conducted.Results:Both groups showed significant reduction in weekly training mileage from pre-intervention during the intervention period.There were significant improvements in the 10-km time trial performance and peak power.There was also significant improvement in relative peak power for both groups.The 10-km time trial performance and relative peak power showed a moderate inverse correlation.Conclusion:These findings showed that both intermittent sprint and plyometric training resulted in improved 10-km running performance despite reduction in training mileage.The improvement in running performance was accompanied by an improvement in peak power and showed an inverse relationship with relative peak power.

关键词： endurance training Explosive strength training Leg stiffness Muscular power Running economy Stretch-shortening cycle

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How does high-intensity intermittent training affect recreational endurance runners? Acute and chronic adaptations: A systematic review

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第1期6卷 54-67页

作者： Felipe García-Pinillos Víctor M.Soto-Hermoso Pedro A.Latorre-Román Department of Corporal Expression University of Jaen Department of Sports Sciences University of Granada

Objective: This systematic review aimed to critically analyze the literature to determine how high-intensity intermittent training(HIIT) affects recreational endurance runners in the short-and long-term.Methods: Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to October 2015. The search was conducted using the key words "high-intensity intermittent training" or "high-intensity interval exercise" or "interval running" or "sprint interval training" and "endurance runners" or "long distance runners". A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 783 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included if they investigated HIIT in recreational endurance runners. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro) scale(for intervention studies) and the modified Downs and Black Quality Index(for cross-sectional studies).Results: Twenty-three studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results are presented in 2 parts: cross-sectional(n = 15) and intervention studies(n = 8). In the 15 cross-sectional studies selected, endurance runners performed at least 1 HIIT protocol, and the acute impact on physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic and/or biomechanical variables was assessed. Intervention studies lasted a minimum of 4 weeks, with 10 weeks being the longest intervention period, and included 2 to 4 HIIT sessions per week. Most of these studies combined HIIT sessions with continuous run(CR) sessions; 2 studies' subjects performed HIIT exclusively.Conclusion: HIIT-based running plans(2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week, combining HIIT and CR runs) show athletic performance improvements in endurance runners by improving maximal oxygen uptake and running economy along with muscular and metabolic adaptations. To maximize the adaptations to training, both HIIT and CR must be part of training programs for endurance runners.

关键词： endurance High-intensity training Intermittent exercises Interval running Long-distance runners Running

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Characterization of the triple-gate flash memory endurance degradation mechanism

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Journal of Semiconductors 2009年第1期30卷 19-22页

作者：曹子贵孙凌李嘉秩 Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation

Write/erase degradation after endurance cycling due to electron trapping events in triple-gate flash memory have been detected and analyzed using a UV erasure method. Different from the commonly degradation phenomenon, write-induced electron trapping in the floating gate oxide, electron trapping in tunneling oxide is observed in triple-gate flash memory. Further, the degradation due to single-electron locally trapping/de-trapping in hornshaped SuperFlash does not occur in the triple-gate flash cell This is because of planar poly-to-poly erasing in the triple-gate flash cell instead of tip erasing in the horn-shaped SuperFlash cell Moreover, by TCAD simulation, the trap location is identified and the magnitude of its density is quantified roughly.

关键词： Fowler-Nordheim tunneling endurance traps UV erasure

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Multilayer doped-GeSe OTS selector for improved endurance and threshold voltage stability

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Journal of Semiconductors 2022年第10期43卷 97-102页

作者： Shiqing Zhang Bing Song Shujing Jia Rongrong Cao Sen Liu Hui Xu Qingjiang Li College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200050China

Selector devices are indispensable components of large-scale memristor array systems.The thereinto,ovonic threshold switching(OTS)selector is one of the most suitable candidates for selector devices,owing to its high selectivity and scalability.However,OTS selectors suffer from poor endurance and stability which are persistent tricky problems for applica-tion.Here,we report on a multilayer OTS selector based on simple GeSe and doped-GeSe.The experimental results show im-proving selector performed extraordinary endurance up to 1010 and the fluctuation of threshold voltage is 2.5%.The reason for the improvement may lie in more interface states which strengthen the interaction among individual layers.These develop-ments pave the way towards tuning a new class of OTS materials engineering,ensuring improvement of electrical perform-ance.

关键词： ovonic threshold switch selector GeSe multilayer structure endurance stability

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