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electric vehicle Charging Load Optimization Strategy Based on Dynamic Time-of-Use Tariff

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Energy Engineering 2024年第3期121卷 603-618页

作者： Shuwei Zhong Yanbo Che Shangyuan Zhang Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry Tianjin UniversityTianjin300072China

electric vehicle(EV)is an ideal solution to resolve the carbon emission issue and the fossil fuels scarcity problem in the ***,a large number of EVs will be concentrated on charging during the valley hours leading to new load peaks under the guidance of static time-of-use ***,this paper proposes a dynamic time-of-use tariff mechanism,which redefines the peak and valley time periods according to the predicted loads using the fuzzy C-mean(FCM)clustering algorithm,and then dynamically adjusts the peak and valley tariffs according to the actual load of each time *** on the proposed tariff mechanism,an EV charging optimization model with the lowest cost to the users and the lowest variance of the grid-side load as the objective function is ***,a weight selection principle with an equal loss rate of the two objectives is proposed to transform the multi-objective optimization problem into a single-objective optimization ***,the EV charging load optimization model under three tariff strategies is set up and solved with the mathematical solver *** results show that the EV charging load optimization strategy based on the dynamic time-of-use tariff can better balance the benefits between charging stations and users under different numbers and proportions of EVs connected to the grid,and can effectively reduce the grid load variance and improve the grid load curve.

关键词： Dynamic time-of-use tariff peak and valley time electric vehicle multi-objective optimization

electric vehicle simulation with battery in the loop

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Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology 2011年第4期20卷 490-495页

作者：李司光 SULEIMAN Sharkh 张承宁 FRANK Walsh 胡晓松 School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Shaanxi Automobile Group Co.Ltd School of EngineeringSciences University of Southampton

An electric vehicle simulation system with battery in the loop（BIL） is described in this *** models are used for the other parts of power train including the electric motor/controller,transmission and vehicle dynamics,which allows the easy change of system parameters and rapid evaluation of vehicle and battery performance for different vehicle *** were conducted using the system and the measurements（voltage and current,efficiency） obtained from the real battery were compared with those obtained from a standard nominal model of the *** results indicate that the measured voltage and current between the real battery and those obtained from the model are significantly ***,it is expected that the difference will increase significantly as the battery ages.

关键词： battery in the loop electric vehicle real-time simulation

electric vehicle optimal scheduling method considering charging piles matching based on edge intelligence

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iEnergy 2024年第3期3卷 152-161页

作者： Ning Guo Tuo Ji Xiaolong Xiao Tiankui Sun Jinming Chen Xiaoxing Lu Xinyi Zheng Shufeng Dong electric Power Research Institute State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.Ltd.Nanjing 211100China College of electrical Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

To adress the problems of insufficient consideration of charging pile resource limitations,discrete-time scheduling methods that do not meet the actual demand and insufficient descriptions of peak-shaving response capability in current electric vehicle(EV)opti-mization scheduling,edge intelligence-oriented electric vehicle optimization scheduling and charging station peak-shaving response capability assessment methods are proposed on the basis of the consideration of electric vehicle and charging pile ***,an edge-intelligence-oriented electric vehicle regulation frame for charging stations is ***,continuous time variables are used to represent the available charging periods,establish the charging station controllable EV load model and the future available charging pile mathematical model,and establish the EV and charging pile matching matrix and ***,with the goal of maximizing the user charging demand and reducing the charging cost,the charging station EV optimal scheduling model is established,and the EV peak response capacity assessment model is further established by considering the EV load shifting constraints under different peak response ***,a typical scenario of a real charging station is taken as an example for the analysis of optimal EV scheduling and peak shaving response capacity,and the proposed method is compared with the traditional method to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method.

关键词： Edge intelligence electric vehicle charging pile optimal scheduling matching relationship peak shaving responsiveness

An Energy Efficient Control Strategy for electric vehicle Driven by In-Wheel-Motors Based on Discrete Adaptive Sliding Mode Control

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2023年第2期36卷 302-313页

作者： Han Zhang Changzhi Zhou Chunyan Wang Wanzhong Zhao vehicle Distributed Drive and Intelligent Wire Control Technology Research Center of Jiangsu Province Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 210016China

This paper presents an energy-efficient control strategy for electric vehicles(EVs)driven by in-wheel-motors(IWMs)based on discrete adaptive sliding mode control(DASMC).The nonlinear vehicle model,tire model and IWM model are established at first to represent the operation mechanism of the whole *** on the modeling,two virtual control variables are used to represent the longitudinal and yaw control efforts to coordinate the vehicle motion *** DASMC method is applied to calculate the required total driving torque and yaw moment,which can improve the tracking performance as well as the system *** to the vehicle nonlinear model,the additional yaw moment can be expressed as a function of longitudinal and lateral tire *** further control scheme development,a tire force estimator using an unscented Kalman filter is designed to estimate real-time tire *** these bases,energy efficient torque allocation method is developed to distribute the total driving torque and differential torque to each IWM,considering the motor energy consumption,the tire slip energy consumption,and the brake energy~?*** results of the proposed control strategy using the co-platform of Matlab/Simulink and CarSim way.

关键词： electric vehicle Energy optimization Motion control Discrete adaptive sliding mode control

Control Algorithm of electric vehicle in Coasting Mode Based on Driving Feeling

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2015年第3期28卷 479-486页

作者： SUN Daxu LAN Fengchong ZHOU Yunjiao CHEN Jiqing School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province of Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology

Coasting in gear is a common driving mode for the conventional vehicle equipped with the internal combustion engine（ICE）, and the assistant braking function of ICE is utilized to decelerate the vehicle in this mode. However, the electric vehicle（EV） does not have this feature in the coasting mode due to the relatively small inertia of the driving motor, so it will cause the driver cannot obtain the similar driving feeling to that of the conventional vehicle, and even a traffic accident may occur if the driver cannot immediately adapt to the changes. In this paper, the coasting control for EV is researched based on the driving feeling. A conventional vehicle equipped with continuously variable transmission（CVT） is taken as the reference vehicle, and the combined simulation model of EV is established based on AVL CRUISE and MATLAB/Simulink. The torque characteristic of the CVT output shaft is measured in coasting mode, and the data are smoothed and fitted to a polynomial curve. For the EV in coasting mode, if the state of charge（SOC） of the battery is below 95%, the polynomial curve is used as the control target for the torque characteristic of the driving motor, otherwise, the required torque is replaced by hydraulic braking torque to keep the same deceleration. The co-simulation of Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow and AVL CRUISE, as well as the hardware-in-loop experiment combined with d SPACE are carried out to verify the effectiveness and the real-time performance of the control algorithm. The results show that the EV with coasting braking control system has similar driving feeling to that of the reference vehicle, meanwhile, the battery SOC can be increased by 0.036% and 0.021% in the initial speed of 100 km/h and 50 km/h, respectively. The proposed control algorithm for EV is beneficial to improve the driving feeling in coasting mode, and it also makes the EV has the assistant braking function.

关键词： electric vehicle coasting braking control algorithm engine braking motor braking

Torque-based Optimal Acceleration Control for electric vehicle

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2014年第2期27卷 319-330页

作者： LU Dongbin OUYANG Minggao State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy Tsinghua University

The existing research of the acceleration control mainly focuses on an optimization of the velocity trajectory with respect to a criterion formulation that weights acceleration time and fuel consumption. The minimum-fuel acceleration problem in conventional vehicle has been solved by Pontryagin＇s maximum principle and dynamic programming algorithm, respectively. The acceleration control with minimum energy consumption for battery electric vehicle（EV） has not been reported. In this paper, the permanent magnet synchronous motor（PMSM） is controlled by the field oriented control（FOC） method and the electric drive system for the EV（including the PMSM, the inverter and the battery） is modeled to favor over a detailed consumption map. The analytical algorithm is proposed to analyze the optimal acceleration control and the optimal torque versus speed curve in the acceleration process is obtained. Considering the acceleration time, a penalty function is introduced to realize a fast vehicle speed tracking. The optimal acceleration control is also addressed with dynamic programming（DP）. This method can solve the optimal acceleration problem with precise time constraint, but it consumes a large amount of computation time. The EV used in simulation and experiment is a four-wheel hub motor drive electric vehicle. The simulation and experimental results show that the required battery energy has little difference between the acceleration control solved by analytical algorithm and that solved by DP, and is greatly reduced comparing with the constant pedal opening acceleration. The proposed analytical and DP algorithms can minimize the energy consumption in EV＇s acceleration process and the analytical algorithm is easy to be implemented in real-time control.

关键词： permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) field oriented control(FOC) efficiency model electric vehicle energy optimal acceleration

Operation-area-constrained Adaptive Primary Frequency Support Strategy for electric vehicle Clusters

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2023年第6期11卷 1982-1994页

作者： Tianqi Liu Pengyu Wang Qiao Peng Min Zhang Tengxin Wang Jinhao Meng College of electrical Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China electric Power Research Institute State Grid Shanxi Electric Power CompanyTaiyuan 030001China

Due to their fast response and strong short-term power throughput capacity, electric vehicles(EVs) are promising for providing primary frequency support to power grids. However, due to the complicated charging demands of drivers, it is challenging to efficiently utilize the regulation capacity of EV clusters for providing stable primary frequency support to the power grid. Accordingly, this paper proposes an adaptive primary frequency support strategy for EV clusters constrained by the charging-behavior-defined operation area. First, the forced charging boundary of the EV is determined according to the driver's charging behavior, and based on this, the operation area is defined. This ensures full utilization of the available frequency support capacity of the EV. An adaptive primary frequency support strategy of EV clusters is then proposed. The output power of EV is adaptively regulated according to the real-time distance from the EV operating point to the forced charging boundary. With the proposed strategy, when the EV approaches the forced charging boundary, its output power is gradually reduced to zero. Then, the rapid state-of-charge declines of EVs and sudden output power reductions in EV clusters caused by forced charging to meet the driver's charging demands can be effectively avoided. EV clusters can then provide sustainable frequency support to the power grid without violating the driver's charging demands. Simulation results validate the proposed operation-area-constrained adaptive primary frequency support strategy, which outperforms the average strategy in terms of stable output maintenance and the optimal utilization of regulation capacities of EV clusters.

关键词： Primary frequency control frequency support electric vehicle vehicle-to-grid(V2G) operation area charging behavior

Integrated energy-oriented cruising control of electric vehicle on highway with varying slopes considering battery aging

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2020年第1期63卷 155-165页

作者： ZHUANG WeiChao QU LingHu XU ShaoBing LI BingBing CHEN Nan YIN GuoDong School of Mechanical Engineering Southeast UniversityNanjing 211189China Department of Mechanical Engineering University of MichiganAnn Arbor 48105USA

Eco-driving strategies for vehicles with conventional powertrains have been studied for years and attempt to reduce fuel consumption by optimizing the driving velocity *** electric vehicles(EVs)with regenerative braking,the speed profile with the best energy efficiency should be different from conventional *** paper proposes an energy-oriented cruising control strategy for EVs with a hierarchical structure to realize eco-cruising on highways with varying *** upper layer plans the energy-optimized vehicle velocity,and the lower layer calculates the torque allocation between the front and rear ***,the resulting speed profile with varying velocity may cause a high charge and discharge rate of the battery,resulting in rapid battery *** extend the battery life,we make a tradeoff between the energy consumption and wear of the battery by formulating an optimal control problem,where driving comfort and travel time are also *** indirect optimal control method is implemented to derive the optimal control *** an extension,the control rule for avoiding rear-end collisions is presented and simulated for driving in the real world.

关键词： eco-driving electric vehicle battery fading model dynamic programming energy management

Experimental Investigation on Cooling/Heating Characteristics of Ultra-Thin Micro Heat Pipe for electric vehicle Battery Thermal Management

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2018年第3期31卷 179-188页

作者： Fei-Fei Liu Feng-Chong Lan Ji-Qing Chen Yi-Gang Li School of Mechanical&Automotive Engineering Guangdong Key Laboratory of Automotive EngineeringSouth China University of Technology School of Mechatronics&vehicle Engineering East China Jiaotong UniversityNanchang 330013China

Due to the heat pipes’ transient conduction,phase change and fluid dynamics during cooling/heating with high frequency charging/discharging of batteries,it is crucial to investigate in depth the experimental dynamic thermal characteristics in such complex heat transfer processes for more accurate thermal analysis and design of a BTMS. In this paper,the use of ultra?thin micro heat pipe(UMHP) for thermal management of a lithium?ion battery pack in EVs is explored by experiments to reveal the cooling/heating characteristics of the UMHP pack. The cooling performance is evaluated under di erent constant discharging and transient heat inputs conditions. And the heating e ciency is assessed under several sub?zero temperatures through heating films with/without UMHPs. Results show that the pro?posed UMHP BTMS with forced convection can keep the maximum temperature of the pack below 40 °C under 1 ~ 3 C discharging,and e ectively reduced the instant temperature increases and minimize the temperature fluctuation of the pack during transient federal urban driving schedule(FUDS) road conditions. Experimental data also indicate that heating films stuck on the fins of UMHPs brought about adequate high heating e ciency comparing with that stuck on the surface of cells under the same heating power,but has more convenient maintenance and less cost for the BTMS. The experimental dynamic temperature characteristics of UMHP which is found to be a high?e cient and low?energy consumption cooling/heating method for BTMSs,can be performed to guide thermal analysis and optimiza?tion of heat pipe BTMSs.

关键词： electric vehicle Lithium?ion battery Thermal management Ultra?thin micro heat pipe