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Agro-Industrial Waste as a Source of Raw Material:eggshell and Ash of Agave salmiana Useful for the Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第12期10卷 3559-3572页

作者： Nora Elizondo-Villarreal Luz HVerástegui-Dominguez Jose JQuijano-Briones Francisco JVázquez-Rodríguez Eden Rodríguez-Castellanos Enrique López-Cuellar Ernesto Torres-Lopez Victor MCastaño-Meneses Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Facultad de Ciencias Fisico MatemáticasCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolás de los GarzaNuevo LeónMéxico Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Facultad de ArquitecturaCiudad UniversiariaSan Nicolás de los GarzaNuevo LeónMéxico Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Facultad de Ingeniería Mecainicay EléctricaCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolás de los GarzaNuevo LeónMéxico Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMéxico

Agave salmiana ash and poultry eggshell powder as CaO sources were used for obtaining nanostructured hydro-xyapatite(HAP).The synthesis was carried out by the Green Chemistry Hydrothermal Biosynthesis at 180℃ with a pH of 5,by reacting CaO from Agave Salmiana ash and eggshell powder,with dibasic caldium phosphate(CaH-PO_(4)+2H_(2)O)in an aqueous solution,with Aloe barbadensis *** product was characterized by X-ray dif-fraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM).The size and shape of the hydroxyapatite particles changed dramati-cally in the presence of Aloe *** crystals of Hydroxyapatite were observed when eggshell powder and Agave salmiana ash were used as raw materials in the presence of the Aloe barbadensis *** with shapes of ribbons and plates from 1 micrometers to 8 micrometers were observed when using the eggshell powder in the presence of Aloe bar badensis and,in the case of Agave salmiana ash in the presence of Aloe bar-badensis,crystals with shapes of quadra ngular prisms and hexagonal(polyhedra)with sizes from 2 micrometers to 20 micrometers were *** was therefore successfully biosynthesized by a green and sus-tainable method that reduces the environmental impact.

关键词： Hydroxyapatite raw materials Agave salmiana eggshell Aloe barbadensis surfactant

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Elaborate Architecture of the Hierarchical Hen＇s eggshell

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Nano Research 2011年第2期4卷 171-179页

作者： Jie Zhou Shutao Wang Fuqiang Nie Lin Feng Guangshan Zhu Lei Jiang Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences （BNLMS） Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130023 China

eggshells are one of the most common and well-studied biomaterials in nature and exhibit unique properties of gas conduction. However, the morphologies of eggshells at the submicro-/nano-scale and their impact on eggshell functions remain unclear. In this work, the architecture of hen＇s eggshell at different length scales has been systematically investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and environmental SEM （ESEM）. It is found that the skeleton of calcium carbonate （CaCO3） has hierarchical structures at nano- to micro-scales： primary nano-particles of -10 Fain loosely congregate giving a porous and rough texture, and compose the upper-level morphologies including submicro spheres, nano-rods, rhombohedral-cleavage pattern and slices, which are elaborately arranged in a surface layer, palisade layer and mammillary layer along the radial direction. Accordingly, the pore system exhibits a three-level hierarchy, namely nano-scale pores （between nano-rods and primary nano-particles）, submicro-scale pores （＂bubble pores＂） and micro-scale pores （opening of ＂gas pores＂）. Further investigation shows that hen＇s eggshell regulates gas conduction through adjusting the sizes and numbers of submicro-scale ＂bubble pores＂. Based on our observations, a new description of hen＇s eggshell is presented, which amends the conventional view of micro-scale, straight and permeating ＂gas pores＂, and reveals the role of hierarchical pores in gas conduction and contamination resistance.

关键词： eggshell hierarchy morphology porous calcium carbonate gas conduction

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Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Cadmium Ion Removal from an Aqueous Solution by eggshell Powder

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2018年第2期34卷 302-310页

作者： SABAH Hajji THOURAYA Turki MELEK Hajji NADIA Mzoughi Natural Water Treatment Laboratory Water Researches and Technologies Centre of Borj Cedria(CERTE) Technopark of Borj Cedria Soliman 8020 Tunisia Faculty of Science of Bizerte University of Carthage Jarzouna-Bizerte 7000 Tunisia Research Unit: Electrochemistry Materials and Environment Preparatory Institute forEngineering Studies of Kairouan University of Kairouan Kairouan 3100 Tunisia High Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technologies of Borj Cedria Environmental Sciences and Technologies Laboratory University of Carthage Hammam Lif 2050 Tunisia

The removal of cadmium（Cd） from synthetic solutions by batch adsorption process was performed using eggshell powder, which is mainly composed of calcite（CaCO3）. In order to optimize the adsorption process, a re- sponse surface methodology（RSM） based on Central Composite Design（CCD） was applied. Developed model for Cd removal yields（R, %） response was statistically validated by variance analysis（ANOVA） which showed a high de- termination coefficient value（R2=0.9889）. According to Minitab software, the optimal conditions were found at tem- perature of 44℃, eggshell adsorbent dose of 2.98 g, initial Cd concentration of 36.74 mg/L and initial pH of 7. Under these conditions, the Cd removal yield was 98.76%. The deviation value of 1.24% confirms the validity of the model for the adsorption process optimization. The adsorption isotherm has been described by a Freundlich model. In addition, the predominant sorption mechanisms are the chemisorptions or precipitation（non-reversible） and ion ex- change（reversible）.

关键词： Response surface methodology Cadmium eggshell Sorption Desorpfion Freundlich model

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Chemical Composition and Crystal Structure of the eggshell of the Green Crested Lizard Bronchocela cristatella(Agamidae)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2021年第4期12卷 331-336页

作者： Kun GUO Jun ZHONG Li MA Yongpu ZHANG Xiang JI College of Life and Environmental Sciences Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035ZhejiangChina Faculty of Ecology Lishui UniversityLishui 323000ZhejiangChina

The majority of extant reptiles are oviparous and produce eggs with three major components:embryo,yolk,and *** eggshell is species-specific and more diverse in squamate reptiles than in other amniote ***,we study the crystal structure,chemical composition,and bonding states of the eggshell of the green crested lizard Bronchocela cristatella.X-ray diffractometer(XRD)analysis showed the existence of two clearly defined and distinguishable crystalline phases,aragonite and *** the XRD data and a unit cell refinement routine,we identified two sets of cell parameters:a=4.956 A,b=7.965 A,and c=5.734 A for the aragonite phase;a=4.987 A,b=4.987 A,and c=17.056 A for the calcite *** used x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to examine detailed elemental composition and bonding states and found that the eggshell was composed primarily of elements C,N,Ca,and O,with C,N and O bonded to various types of hybridization in the protein of the eggshell *** Ca:C:O ratio for the calcium carbonate yielded a value of-7:8:21,which is close to the expected stoichiometric value of CaCO3.

关键词： agamid lizard aragonite calcite crystal structure eggshell elemental bonding states X-ray diffractometer X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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Production of Bio-Calcium Oxide Derived from Hatchery eggshell Waste Using an Industrial-Scale Car Bottom Furnace

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第4期10卷 1137-1151页

作者： Ajchara Imkum Putkham Suwanan Chuakham Yuwadee Chaiyachet Tanapon Suwansopa Apipong Putkham Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulok65000Thailand Sustainable Environment and Energy Research Unit Mahasarakham UniversityMahasarakham44150Thailand

The valorization of eggshell waste as bio-calcium oxide is crucial for pollution prevention and supporting sustainable *** are several reports on the thermal conversion of eggshell waste to calcium oxide for the partial or complete substitution of natural lime ***,this paper reports the thermal decomposition of large amounts of hatchery eggshell waste on an industrial-scale car bottom furnace for the first *** hatchery eggshell waste was sundried and placed into five stacked trays in the car bottom *** calcination of the eggshell waste was conducted at 900℃ for 3 and 4 h under an atmosphere of *** the physical and chemical properties of the eggshell samples and the bio-quicklime products were carefully examined by TGA,SEM,XRD,FTIR,and *** results demonstrate that the purity of calcium oxide in the quicklime products increased from 79%to 87%upon increasing the calcination time from 3 to 4 ***,the color of the calcined eggshell samples at the surface of the pile was white while the color of the product beneath the surface was black or dark *** purity of the calcium oxide of both the black and white calcined samples was 76.4%and 91.5%,*** results indicate the limited efficacy of the car bottom furnace for thermal decomposition of the large amount of eggshell waste to calcium ***,the production cost of bio-calcium oxide is approximately twice the cost of industrial grade *** further industrial applications,the furnace should contain the mixing equipment for improving the thermal decomposition of the large pile of eggshell ***,the oil burner system may be used in order to reduce fuel costs.

关键词： eggshell Calcium oxide waste management thermal decomposition catalyst quicklime

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Scanning Microfocus Small Angle X-ray Scattering Study of the Avian eggshell

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2006年第1期3卷 11-18页

作者： D. Lammie M. M. Bain S. E. Solomon T. J. Wess Division of Cell Sciences Institute of Comparative Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow G61 1QH UK Biophysics Group School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Redwood Building King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3NB UK Division of Cell Sciences Institute of Comparative Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow G61 1QH UK

Synchrotron microfocus small angle X-ray scattering was used to investigate the nanostructure and microscopic variation of eggshells. It uses a microbeam allowing the ability to probe interactions between the organic and inorganic components at nanometer level and is ideal for mapping over small areas to obtain a detailed analysis of structural variations. Thin sections of eggshells were scanned from the shell membrane （inner） to the cuticle （outer） surface. The data collected was used to produce two-dimensional maps showing microscopic changes within the different layers of the eggshell. The structural alterations ap- parently could have implications at the macroscopic level of the resulting eggshell. As the organic matrix is embedded within the eggshell this may contribute to the variations observed in calcite crystal form and texture, Structural information obtained about a biomaterial at different length scales is important in relating the structure to its functional properties. This knowledge and the principles behind the formation of biomaterials could be used in the attempt of bioengineering new systems.

关键词： biomaterial eggshell nanostructure microfocus small angle X-ray scattering

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Ultrastructure and elemental composition of the eggshell of Reeve’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)

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Frontiers in Biology 2007年第3期2卷 340-344页

作者： CHANG Chongyan ZHANG Zhengwang CHEN Xiaoduan LIU Jinying SUN Quanhui Analytical and Testing Center Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China

The eggshell of Reeve’s pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)collected from the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve in Henan Province,China was *** using scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma(ICP)spectrometry,the ultrastructure and elemental composition of the eggshell was *** study showed that the average thickness of the surface layer of crys-tals,the palisade and cone layer,and the eggshell membrane were 20.8,220.8 and 62.5μm,respectively,accounting for 6.8%,72.6%and 20.6%of the total thickness of the *** were many vesicular holes in the palisade layer with an average diameter of 0.32±0.08μm(n=30).The function of these holes might be significant to air *** shape of the eggshell pore on the surface layer of crystals is round or *** fracture surface of the pore is *** granules filled the upper part of the eggshell *** content of 21 elements in the eggshell of wild and captive Reeve’s pheasants was compared and *** indicated that among the elements that made up the eggshell of the wild pheasant,the content of Ca,Mg,P and S was much higher,ω>1 mg/g,withω(Ca)being higher than 40%of the *** contents of Na,Si,Sr,K and Al wereω=0.1-1 mg/g,while Fe,Zn,Pb,Mn,Cu,V and Ti had lower concentrations(ω=1-100μg/g).Theωof Ni,Cr,Co,Se,Cd were lower than 1μg/*** elemental composition in the eggshell of the captive Reeve’s pheasant kept in the Dongzhai National Natural Reserve was significantly differ-ent from that of the wild species,with a difference of over 20%on S,Cu,Fe,Al,Mn,Si,Sr,Se and *** lower intake of Fe,Mn,Si and Sr on the one hand and the higher intake of S,Cu,Al and Cr on the other hand might be responsible for the low fertility of captive Reeve’s pheasants in the Dongzhai National Nature *** order to ensure that the pheasants are receiving the proper amount of nutrition and to improve their breeding success,the amount of certain elements in the food should be

关键词： threatened species Reeve’s pheasant(syrmaticus reevesii) eggshell ultrastructure elemental composition

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eggshell as a Source of Novel Bioactive Molecules

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Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2013年第5期3卷 219-225页

作者： Megan Rose-Martel Maxwell Hincke Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1H 8M5 Canada

This review will focus on the more abundant eggshell specific matrix proteins localized in the chicken eggshell （cuticle layer eggshell matrix and shell membranes） that are involved in eggshell mineralization and protecting the egg against microbial contamination, including ovocalyxin-36, ovocleidin-17, ovocalyxin-32 and ovocalyxin-25. Further understanding of these proteins and their mechanisms in egg defence could lead to the development of novel neutraceuticals for human health, additives to animal feed for healthy flocks, or enhanced eggs for human consumption.

关键词： Ovocalyxin Ovocleidin antimicrobial protease inhibitor cuticle eggshell shell membranes review

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Observation on Ultra-micro Structure of eggshell and Analysis of Composition of eggshell and Feather in Great Bustard

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Journal of Forestry Research 1998年第2期9卷 87-90页

作者：田秀华王进军赵广英宁永强张同作 Harbin Zoo Harbin P.R. China Northeast Forestry University College of wildlife Resource Harbin P. R. China (GRID:grid.412246.7) (ISNI:***)

Ultra-micro structure of eggshell was observed and compositions of eggshell and feather were analyzed. The results showed that the structure of eggshell has special characters besides common structure. The content of poisonous elements in wild great bustard(Otis talda) eggshell and feather is significant lower than that in eggshell of crested foes(Nipponis nippon) and in feather of red crown crane(Grus japonesis) because of less disturbance by people. The contents of 14 elements of female’s feather all are higher than those of male’s.

关键词： Great bustard Otis tarda eggshell Feather Ultra-micro structure Content of element

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Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Chicken eggshell-Reinforced Al6061 Matrix Composites

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Open Journal of Metal 2018年第1期8卷 1-13页

作者： Surendra Kumar Dwiwedi Ashok Kumar Srivastava Koh-ichi Sugimoto Manoj Chopkar Department of Mechanical Engineering SOE OP Jindal University Raigarh India Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering SOE OP Jindal University Raigarh India Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering Shinshu University Nagano Japan Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Raipur India

Chicken eggshell (ES) is an aviculture byproduct that has been used as the reinforcement in the present study which is recorded worldwide as one of the vilest environmental problems. The present work deals with development of ES-reinforced Al6061 matrix composites by stir-casting process with 0 to 10 wt% of reinforcement at an interval of 2 wt%. The microstructures of the fabricated composites were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopes with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS). Optical micrographs divulge the uniform distribution of reinforcing particles in the matrix while X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns ensure the dispersion of ES particles reinforcement in Al6061 matrix. The properties measured include density, tensile strength and hardness values. The tensile strength and hardness of composites increase with the addition of ES particles and the maximum values were achieved at 4 wt%. Further increase of ES particles in the matrix leads to decrease in hardness and strength owing to increase in porosity.

关键词： MMCs Al6061 eggshell Stir Casting

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