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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第4期12卷 510-527页

作者： Jorge Salgado JoséRamírez-Álvarez Diego Mancheno Faculty of Economics Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador17012184QuitoPichinchaEcuador

The 16 April 2016 earthquake in ecuador exposed the significant weaknesses concerning the methodological designs to compute—from an economic standpoint—the consequences of a natural hazard-related disaster for productive exchanges and the accumulation of capital in *** study addressed one of these challenges with an innovative ex ante model to measure the partial and net short-term effects of a natural hazard-related catastrophe from an interregional perspective,with the 16 April 2016 earthquake serving as a case *** general,the specified and estimated model follows the approach of the extended Miyazawa model,which endogenizes consumption demand in a standard input–output model with the subnational interrelations and resulting *** to the country’s limitations in its regional account records the input–output matrices for each province of ecuador had to be estimated,which then allowed transactions carried out between any two sectors within or outside a given province to be identified by means of the RAS *** estimations provide evidence that the net short-term impact on the national accounts was not significant,and under some of the simulated scenarios,based on the official information with respect to earthquake management,the impact may even have had a positive effect on the growth of the national product during 2016.

关键词： Earthquake impact ecuador Input–output RAS method Regional model

Optimization of shale gas reservoir evaluation and assessment of shale gas resources in the Oriente Basin in ecuador

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Petroleum Science 2018年第4期15卷 756-771页

作者： Hong Zhang Jun-Tai Shi Xiang-Fang Li School of Petroleum Engineering Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering of the Ministry of EducationChina University of PetroleumBeijing

The petroleum geological features of hydrocarbon source rocks in the Oriente Basin in ecuador are studied in detail to determine the potential of shale gas resources in the basin. The favorable shale gas layer in the vertical direction is optimized by combining logging identification and comprehensive geological analysis. The thickness in this layer is obtained by logging interpretation in the basin. The favorable shale gas accumulation area is selected by referring to thickness and depth data. Furthermore, the shale gas resource amount of the layer in the favorable area is calculated using the analogy method. Results show that among the five potential hydrocarbon source rocks, the lower Napo Formation is the most likely shale gas layer. The west and northwest zones, which are in the deep-sea slope and shelf sedimentary environments, respectively, are the favorable areas for shale gas accumulation. The favorable sedimentary environment formed thick black shale that is rich in organic matter. The black shale generated hydrocarbon, which migrated laterally to the eastern shallow water shelf to form numerous oil fields. The result of the shale gas resource in the two favorable areas,as calculated by the analogy method, is 55,500×10;m;. This finding shows the high exploration and development potential of shale gas in the basin.

关键词： ecuador Oriente Basin Shale gas Optimization Analogy method Amount of resources

Statistical data driven approach of COVID-19 in ecuador: R_(0) and R_(t) estimation via new method

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2021年第1期6卷 232-243页

作者： Raúl Patricio Fernandez-Naranjo MSc Eduardo Vasconez-Gonzalez MD Katherine Simbana-RiveraMD,MSc Lenin Gomez-Barreno MD Juan S.Izquierdo-Condoy MD Domenica Cevallos-RobalinoMD,MPH(c) Esteban Ortiz-Prado MD,MSc,MPH One Health Research Group Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de las AmericasQuitoEcuador Resident of Intensive Care Unit Hospital Quito Sur IESSQuitoEcuador

The growth of COVID-19 pandemic throughout more than 213 countries around the world have put a lot of pressures on governments and health services to try to stop the rapid expansion of the *** 2009,H1N1 Influenza pandemic,statistical and mathematical methods were used to track how the virus spreads around *** of these models that were developed at the beginning of the XXI century are based on the classical susceptible-infected-recovered(SIR)model developed almost a hundred years *** evolution of this model allows us to forecast and compute basic and effective reproduction numbers(R_(t) and R_(0)),measures that quantify the epidemic potential of a pathogen and estimates different *** this study,we present a traditional estimation technique for R_(0) with statistical distributions by best fitting and a Bayesian approach based on continuous feed of prior distributions to obtain posterior distributions and computing real time R_(t).We use data from COVID-19 officially reported cases in ecuador since the first confirmed case on February *** of the lack of data,in the case of R_(0) we compare two methods for the estimation of these parameters below exponential growth and maximum likelihood *** do not make any assumption about the evolution of cases due to limited information and we use previous methods to compare scenarios about R_(0) and in the case of R_(t) we used Bayesian inference to model uncertainty in contagious proposing a new modification to the well-known model of Bettencourt and Ribeiro based on a time window of m days to improve *** R_(0) with exponential growth criteria was 3.45 and with the maximum likelihood estimation method was *** results show that Guayas,Pichincha and Manabíwere the provinces with the highest number of cases due to *** reasons explain the increased transmissibility in these localities:massive events,population density,cities dispersion patterns,and

关键词： Bayesian inference R0 COVID-19 Real time reproduction factor Basic reproduction factor ecuador

ecuador and World War I： One Nation＇s Experience on the Periphery of the Great War and During its Aftermath, 1914-1924

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2015年第5期3卷 341-356页

作者： Jane M. Rausch University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst USA

In the horrific conflict of 1914-1918 known as World War I, Latin American nations were peripheral players but they were not immune from its effects. This essay reviews the conflict＇s impact on ecuador--a Latin American nation that after declaring neutrality in 1914, broke relations with Germany on December 7, 1917 but refrained from any involvement in the actual fighting. Following a brief review of the existing historiography of this period, the study examines ecuador＇s geographic, political, economic and social situation in 1914; its involvement in the war as a neutral between 1914 and April 6, 1917; and the developments that occurred after its decision to break relations with Germany in December 1917 until the armistice on November 11, 1918. Finally it suggests how the consequences of ecuador＇s stance in the months after the restoration of peace contributed to the end of the Liberal Era in 1924.

关键词： World War I ecuador cacao diplomatic relations

The Shortage of Local Anesthesia and Palliative Care Medications in Minor Postoperative Orthopedic Surgical Procedures in ecuador

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Health 2022年第9期14卷 964-971页

作者： Naiesa Freeman Finance/PreMed University of Texas at Austin Austin USA

This white paper discusses the ecuadorian healthcare system specifically the lack of proper anesthesia and post-operative pain medication and touches base with centralized hospitals. This paper articulates the specific problems inhibiting the usage of these proper medications, specifically looking at a hospital in Quito, ecuador. Present day tribal situations are also discussed as they are a significant part of the population that is affected by the shortages of pain medication and anesthesia. Solutions are presented to solve the problems the country faces and how it is relevant today.

关键词： Healthcare ecuador Anesthesia Medication Centralization Reform

Coverage and Information Treatment of Zika in ecuador:Analysis of News From National Newspapers El Universo and El Telégrafo

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Journalism and Mass Communication 2019年第5期9卷 207-222页

作者： Tania Orbe Katicnina Tituana Eric Samson Universidad San Francisco de Quito QuitoEcuador

Zika is an infectious disease that emerged as an epidemic in Latin America in 2015 and arrived in ecuador at the start of *** research analyzes the coverage that two national ecuadorian newspapers gave to this sanitary *** El Telégrafo and El Universo,the first one of government domain and the other one of a private company,were chosen to be studied,and interviews with journalists who reported before,during and after the epidemic,were *** results showed that:In most news articles,a single source is handled,preferably the official or institutional one;that the majority of articles were about the international situation rather than local or national information;that alarm content is privileged over the preventive;and finally that the earthquake that hit the ecuadorian coast in April 2016 weakened the coverage of Zika,even though the epidemic was at its outbreak at the time in the *** is a need for journalists to be trained to cover these types of emergencies in order to better inform the people and follow up diseases cycles in order to arrange their own news agenda and work more on solution approaches.

关键词： Zika ecuador media coverage El Telégrafo El Universo

Acute Nephronia and Renal Abscesses in Children from Quito, ecuador

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2021年第4期11卷 375-383页

作者： Adriana Arnao Maria Augusta Guerrero Nathaly Arias Piedad Villacís Katia Rivas Mariana Flores Jhoana Rivera Jack Saltos Gloria Soto Jorge García Edison Aymacaña Diego Bonilla Marcelo Merizalde Cristina Garzón Hospital Axxis Quito Ecuador Hospital Vozandes Quito Ecuador Hospital de los Valles Quito Ecuador Hospital Metropolitano Quito Ecuador

Renal abscess and nephronia are uncommon diseases in children and with unknown global prevalence. Nephronia represents an intermediate state between pyelonephritis and renal abscess. Prompt diagnosis is important to prevent morbidity and mortality (sepsis, renal injury, death). Scientific advances have made these entities more evident, although they may still be underdiagnosed. Patients with this disease require prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy and potentially surgical resolution, mostly when their size is bigger than 3 - 5 cm when therapy with intravenous antibiotics alone fails and they are accessible to percutaneous drainage. We describe five cases of pediatric patients from four private hospitals in Quito, ecuador followed during a one-year period. In every case, the diagnosis was suspected mostly because of persistent fever, abdominal pain, severe leukocytosis and/or elevated inflammation biomarkers. Only one of them had a previous history of urinary tract malformation while in another one malformation was revealed in his actual admission. Every case had microbiologic isolation. All of them recovered successfully. To our knowledge, in our country, there are no previous reports of these diseases in pediatric patients, and worldwide, there is scarce data. Our aim is to alert doctors who work with children to be aware of this condition.

关键词： Infectious Diseases Kidney Pediatric Nephrology Nephronia Renal Abscess ecuador

A Review on Tectonic Record of Strain Buildup and Stress Release across the Andean Forearc along the Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes Basin (GGTB) near ecuador-Peru Border

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International Journal of Geosciences 2013年第3期4卷 618-635页

作者： Jacques Bourgois Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Université Paris 06 Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7193 Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (iSTeP) Paris France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7193 iSTeP Paris France

Gravimetric and geologic data show that the reactivation of the Neogene Interandean depression and/or the ~75 - 65 Ma ophiolite suture into the modern dynamic of the Andes controlled the Gulf of Guayaquil Tumbes basin (GGTB) location and evolution during the past 1.8 - 1.6 Myr at least. Depending on whether the remobilization occurred along the interandean depression or the ophiolite suture, the GGTB evolved trough pure or simple shear mechanisms, respectively. Because the GGTB exhibits an along strike tectonic asymmetry associated with a pervasive seismic gap, the simple shear solution is more likely. Tectonic inversion occurred along a mid-crust detachment (the Mid-Crust detachment hereafter) matching the ophiolite suture that accommodates the North Andean Block (NAB) northward drift. The so-called Decoupling Strip located at the shelf slope break accommodated the tensional stress rotation from N-S along the shelf area i.e. NAB-drift induced to E-W along the continental margin i.e. subduction-erosion-induced. The landward dipping Woollard detachment system located at the Upper-Lower slope boundary connects the subduction channel at depth, allowing the Upper slope to evolve independently from the Lower slope wedge. The long-term recurrence interval between earthquakes, the strong interplate coupling, and the aseismic creeping deformation acting along the main low-angle detachments i.e. the Woollard and the Mid-Crust detachments may account for the pervasive seismic gap at the GGTB area. Because the subduction channel exhibits no record of significant seismic activity, no evidence exists to establish a link between the GGTB sustained subsidence and a basin-centered asperity. Because the GGTB is a promising site of hydrocarbon resources, to understand processes at the origin of this escape-induced forearc basin has a major economic interest.

关键词： Andean Forearc Strain Buildup Stress Release Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes Basin ecuador Peru

Distribution and Ecology of the Western ecuador Frog Leptodactylus labrosus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae)

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Zoological Research 2006年第3期27卷 225-234页

作者： Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia College of Biological and Environmental Sciences Universidad San Franciscode Quito Casilla Postal 17-12-841QuitoEcuador

Leptodactylus labrosus is a terrestrial sit-and-wait predator; its diet includes ground-level, fossorial, and flying insects, and ants numerically predominate. Bothrops asper is recorded as a predator of L. labrosus. L. labrosus lives mainly in deciduous and semi-deciduous forests, where it is restricted to wet microhabitats, and occasionally in evergreen forests. L. labrosus inhabits northern, central, and southern regions of western coastal ecuador and northern and central western coastal Peru up to 700 m, and into the dry interandean valleys of southern ecuador and northern Peru up to 1 300 m. Its distribution encompasses moistly seasonally dry forest in coastal ecuador and Peru. It also occupies moister areas towards the slopes of the Andes where it is sympatric with three other congeneric species, but at sites of sympatry the species show habitat segregation. The distribution pattern of L. labrosus is shared by several other range-restricted am- phibians corresponding to the Tumbesian region, which should be recognized as an endemic Amphibian area. The zone between the Choco and Tumbesian regions, where L. labrosus gets in sympatry with other Leptodactylus species, possess ecological and climatic characteristics that have shaped a unique fauna, including several endemic taxa; and it should be recognized as the west ecuadorian endemic region.

关键词： Leptodactylus Distribution Endemism area ecuador

Deforestation, Agrarian Reform and Oil Development in ecuador, 1964-1994

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Natural Resources 2013年第1期4卷 31-44页

作者： Robert Wasserstrom Douglas Southgate Department of Agricultural Environmental and Development Economics Ohio State University Columbus USA Terra Group Hershey Pennsylvania USA

Recent biodiversity research in the Western Amazon has emphasized the linkages among road construction, deforestation and loss of indigenous lands. Many observers have concluded that hydrocarbon production inevitably means destruction of forests and expropriation of native territory. Yet evidence from the eastern lowlands of ecuador (known as the Oriente) shows that oil can be developed without roads or harmful impacts. The Oriente also provides another contrasting case: in areas where no oil was discovered, the government often built roads to support its agricultural colonization efforts. In these areas, a great deal of deforestation and indigenous displacement occurred. Such evidence suggests that a different set of agrarian and environmental policies might permit oil activity without loss of rain forest or indigenous territory.

关键词： ecuador Deforestation Oil Development Agrarian Reform Colonization