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Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction:a review of positron emission tomography findings

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2014年第5期30卷 765-776页

作者： Haifeng Hou Chunyan Wang Shaowei Jia Shu Hu Mei Tian Department of Nuclear Medicine the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang University Medical PET Center Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Zhejiang University Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province Beijing 307 Hospital Department of Nuclear Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital

Dopamine （DA） is considered crucial for the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, but its role in addiction remains unclear. Positron emission tomography （PET） is the first technology used for in vivo measurement of components of the dopaminergic system in the human brain. In this article, we review the major findings from PET imaging studies on the involvement of DA in drug addiction, including presynaptic DA synthesis, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, the DA transporter, and postsynaptic DA receptors. These results have corroborated the role of DA in addiction and increased the understanding of its underlying mechanisms.

关键词： dopamine dopaminergic system drug addiction positron emission tomography

Resilience to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to developing drug addiction

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2022年第1期12卷 24-58页

作者： Claudia Calpe-López Maria A Martínez-Caballero Maria P García-Pardo Maria A Aguilar Department of Psychobiology University of ValenciaValencia 46010Spain Faculty of Social and Human Sciences University of ZaragozaTeruel 44003Spain

We review the still scarce but growing literature on resilience to the effects of social stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of *** define the concept of resilience and how it is applied to the field of drug addiction *** also describe the internal and external protective factors associated with resilience,such as individual behavioral traits and social *** then explain the physiological response to stress and how it is modulated by resilience *** the subsequent section,we describe the animal models commonly used in the study of resilience to social stress,and we focus on the effects of chronic social defeat(SD),a kind of stress induced by repeated experience of defeat in an agonistic encounter,on different animal behaviors(depression-and anxiety-like behavior,cognitive impairment and addiction-like symptoms).We then summarize the current knowledge on the neurobiological substrates of resilience derived from studies of resilience to the effects of chronic SD stress on depressionand anxiety-related behaviors in ***,we focus on the limited studies carried out to explore resilience to the effects of SD stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse,describing the current state of knowledge and suggesting future research directions.

关键词： Resilience Stress Depression drug addiction Animal models Social defeat

Astrocytes:the neglected stars in the central nervous system and drug addiction

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Medical Review 2022年第4期2卷 417-426页

作者： Wenjun Chen Shiqiu Meng Ying Han Jie Shi National Institute on drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of drug Dependence Peking UniversityBeijing 100191China The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic drugs Peking UniversityBeijing 100191China The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and Health Peking UniversityBeijing 100191China

With the advent of improved tools to examine the astrocytes,which have been believed to play a supportive role in the central nervous system(CNS)for years,their participation in the operation of the CNS and drug addiction was *** the formation and function of the CNS,astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain *** addiction is a pervasive psychiatric disorder,characterized by compulsive drug-taking behavior and high rate of relapse,impacting individual health and society stability and *** exposed to drugs of abuse,astrocytes go through a series of alterations,contributing to the development of *** we review how astrocytes contribute to the CNS and drug *** hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments.

关键词： astrocytes central nervous system drug addiction synaptic plasticity

Sex differences in exercise and drug addiction:A mini review of animal studies

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2014年第3期3卷 163-169页

作者： Yuehui Zhou Chenglin Zhou Rena Lia Department of Sport Psychology School of Sport ScienceShanghai University of Sport Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education.Roskamp Institute

Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this mini review, we summarize the effect of sex on the results of using exercise to prevent and treat drug addiction. The studies we consider span various animal models and use multiple types of exercise to examine the effectiveness of exercise on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise rehabilitation. We believe that exercise as an adjuvant intervention strategy can be applied better in drug addiction prevention and recovery. Copyright 2014, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Animal studies drug addiction Exercise Sex difference

KAP Survey of Turkish University Students on Sexuality,reproductive Health,drug addiction and Violence

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Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 2006年第4期17卷 315-326页

作者： H■zel Selda Sanli Cihat Albayrak Meryem Fidan Serdar Agar Ayca K■r■kkale University School of Medicine Pediatrics Department

Objective To investigate the attitudes, behaviours and reflections of the university students, on sexuality, reproductive health, violence, smoking, alcohol and drug use, and to find out their expectations from a youth health service. Methods A total of 5 300 students （1 880 girls, 3 420 boys）from various Jaculties of Kyrykkale University were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. Students completed the self-administered questionnaire as one of the researchers was present at the classroom. Research monitors five categories of priority health-risk behaviours among youth and young adults. Results Mean age of 3 420 male （64.5%） and 1 880female （35.5%） students were 20.3 years. Among all 4 380 （82,9%） students [1 350 girls （71.8%）, 3 030 boys （88.5%）] had some kinds of information about sexuality, however this dropped to 2 730 students （51.5%） within the context of adequacy. Friends were the major source （34%） for the first information on sexuality. Using a condom was the mostly heard method of contraception （46.9%） and interestingly 1.1% of the students had no knowledge on any of the protection methods. Among all 25.3% of the students （33.0% boys, 11.4% girls） had some kind of sexual intercourse, and within this group 58.8% experienced his/her first sexual relationship at 18 years of age and over; 53.9% were protected in all intercourses. Using a condom was the main way of protection for boys （63.7%） and pills were for the girls （73.9%）. None of the female students mentioned having an abortion but 8% had friends who had undergone abortion. Tobacco use was 35.1% among the group, and 8. 7% of the male and 3.6% of the female students were using drugs. Although 67. 4% students claimed they never witnessed violence between their parents, 43.2% witnessed violence among their siblings, 67.0% beween friends, 72.6% in the streets and 64.2% in the school. About 30.0% of the students reported having weight problems, and 14.7% admitted visiting a doctor for that problem.

关键词： adolescent sexuality reproductive health drug addiction violence

Different types of drug abusers prefrontal cortex activation patterns and based on machine-learning classification

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2022年第2期15卷 83-92页

作者： Banghua Yang Xuelin Gu Shouwei Gao Lin Feng Yan Ding Xu Wen Wang School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Automation Shanghai University Shanghai 200444P.R.China Shanghai drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau Shanghai 200080 P.R.China Department of Radiology&Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province Tangdu Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'anShaanxi 710038P.R.China Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation Ministry of Education ShanghaiP.R.China Shanghai Intelligent Engineering Technology Research Center for addiction and Rehabilitation Minhang District 200240 ShanghaiP.R.China

drug addiction can cause abnormal brain activation changes,which are the root cause of drug craving and brain function *** study enrolled drug abusers to determine the effects of different drugs on brain activation.A functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)device was used for the *** study was designed with an experimental paradigm that included the induction of resting and drug addiction *** collected the fNIRS data of 30 drug users,including 10 who used heroin,10 who used Methamphetamine,and 10 who used mixed ***,using Statistical Analysis,the study analyzed the activations of eight functional areas of the left and right hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex of drug addicts who respectively used heroin,Methamphetamine,and mixed drugs,including Left/Right-Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(L/R-DLPFC),Left/Right-Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(L/R-VLPFC),Left/Right-Fronto-polar prefrontal cortex(L/R-FPC),and Left/Right Orbitofrontal Cortex(L/R-OFC).Second,referencing the degrees of activation of oxyhaemoglobin concentration(HbO2),the study made an analysis and got the specific activation patterns of each group of the ***,after taking out data which are related to the addicts who recorded high degrees of activation among the three groups of addicts,and which had the same channel numbers,the paper classified the different drug abusers using the data as the input data for Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs).The average three-class accuracy is 67.13%.It is of great significance for the analysis of brain function errors and personalized rehabilitation.

关键词： drug addiction fNIRS machine-learning di®erent drug users brain regions activation

Neurosurgical treatment for addiction: lessons from an untold story in China and a path forward

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National Science Review 2020年第3期7卷 702-712页

作者： Shuo Ma Chencheng Zhang Ti-fei Yuan Douglas Steele Valerie Voon Bomin Sun Department of Functional Neurosurgery Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders Shanghai Mental Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Division of Imaging Science and Technology Medical School University of Dundee Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge

addiction is a major public-health crisis associated with significant disability and mortality. Although various pharmacological and behavioral treatments are currently available, the clinical efficacy of these treatments is limited. Given this situation, there is a growing interest in finding an effective neurosurgical treatment for addiction. First, we discuss the use of ablative surgery in treating addiction. We focus on the rise and fall of nucleus accumbens ablation for addiction in China. Subsequently, we review recent studies that have explored the efficacy and safety of deep-brain-stimulation treatment for addiction. We conclude that neurosurgical procedures, particularly deep-brain stimulation, have a potentially valuable role in the management of otherwise intractable addictive disorders. Larger well-controlled clinical trials, however, are needed to assess clinical efficacy and safety. We end by discussing several key issues involved in this clinical field and identifying some areas of progress.

关键词： drug addiction psychosurgery ablative surgery deep-brain stimulation medical ethics

Neurotransmitter-precursor-supplement Intervention for Detoxified Heroin Addicts

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Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences) 2012年第3期32卷 422-427页

作者：谌丁艳刘艳何武龙王洪星王增珍 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Compulsory Detoxification Treatment Center Wuhan Public Security Bureau inGenious Targeting Laboratory Inc. 25 Health Sciences Drive Stony Brook NY 11790-3350 USA

This study examined the effects of combined administration of tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan （5-HTP） on heroin withdrawal syndromes and mental symptoms in detoxified heroin addicts. In the cluster-randomized placebo-controlled trial, 83 detoxified heroin addicts were recruited from a detoxification treatment center in Wuhan, China. Patients in the intervention group （n=41） were given the combined treatment with tyrosine, lecithin, L-glutamine and 5-HTP and those in the control group （n=42） were administered the placebo. The sleep status and the withdrawal symptoms were observed daily throughout the study, and the mood states were monitored pre- and post-intervention. The results showed that the insomnia and withdrawal scores were significantly improved over time in participants in the intervention group as compared with those in the control group. A greater reduction in tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia and total mood disturbance, and a greater increase in their vigor-activity symptoms were found at day 6 in the intervention group than in the control group （all P〈0.05）. It was concluded that the neurotransmitter-precursor-supplement intervention is effective in alleviating the withdrawal and mood symptoms and it may become a supplementary method for patients＇ recovery from heroin addiction.

关键词： drug addiction nutritional intervention neurotransmitter precursors withdrawal symptoms mood

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and drugs of abuse： current knowledge and therapeutic opportunities

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Frontiers in Biology 2016年第5期11卷 376-386页

作者： Christopher M. Olsen Qing-Song Liu Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee W1 53226 USA Neuroscience Research Center Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee WI 53226 USA

BACKGROUND： Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 （PDE4） is an enzyme that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE： Here, we review the current knowledge about central nervous system （CNS） distribution of PDE4 isoforms and the effects of systemic and brain-region specific inhibition of PDE4 on behavioral models of drug addiction. METHODS： A systematic literature search was performed using the Pubmed. RESULTS： Using behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference and drug self-administration as behavioral models, a large number of studies have shown that local or systemic administration of PDE4 inhibitors reduce drug intake and/or drug seeking for psychostimulants, alcohol, and opioids in rats or mice. CONCLUSIONS： Preclinical studies suggest that PDE4 could be a therapeutic target for several classes of substance use disorder. We conclude by identifying opportunities for the development of subtype-selective PDE4 inhibitors that may reduce addiction liability and minimize the side effects that limit the clinical potential of non-selective PDE4 inhibitors. Several PDE4 inhibitors have been clinically approved for other diseases. There is a promising possibility to repurpose these PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of drug addiction as they are safe and well-tolerated in patients.

关键词： PDE4 PDE4 inhibitors VTA nucleus accumbens drug addiction