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Cerebral cortex contributions to Parkinson's disease tremor:what exactly generates the tremor?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第12期20卷 3535-3536页

作者： Manuel Bange Hao Ding Muthuraman Muthuraman Informatics for Medical Technology Institute of Computer ScienceUniversity AugsburgAugsburgGermany Department of Neurology Neural Engineering with Signal Analytics and Artificial Intelligence(NESA-AI)University Clinic WürzburgWürzburgGermany

Pathological tremor is one of the cardinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD).Tremor is comprised of involuntary,rhythmic,a nd oscillating movements that can vary according to the circumstances under which they occur,the body parts that are involved,and the frequency at which they *** example,tremors can be mild to severe,are stress sensitive,and can affect arms,legs,or the head (Dirkx and Bologna,2022).

关键词： tremor cortex exactly

Rat Navigation by Stimulating Somatosensory cortex

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2019年第5期16卷 931-942页

作者： Amirmasoud Ahmadi Mahsa Behroozi Vahid Shalchyan Mohammad Reza Daliri Neuroscience&Neuroengineering Research Lab. Biomedical Engineering DepartmentSchool of Electrical EngineeringIran Univer sity of Science and Technology(IUST)Narmak16846-13114TehranIran

One of the most important topics in neuroscience is the issue ofbrain electrical stimulation and its widespread *** on this issue,rat robot,a rat navigation system,was introduced in 2002,which has utilized brain electric stimulations as a guide and a reward for driving *** systems have been designed which are automatically navigated by a *** of the obstacles in the way of these systems is to select the stimulation frequency of the somatosensory cortex for the rotation *** this paper,the stimulation parameters of the somatosensory cortex for rotation in the T-shaped maze were examined for the first time with applying only one pulse ***,the optimized parameters have been utilized in a complex *** results show that the performance is directly related to the pulse width and it has an inverse relationship with the pulse *** optimal parameters,correctly controlling the animal in 90%of the trials in the T-maze,were managed,and in the complex maze,about 70%of the stimuli with optimized parameters were with only applying one pulse *** results show that the stimulation parameters for navigation with only one pulse train are well optimized,and the results of this paper can be a trigger for an automatic navigation and reduce the computational costs and automatic system errors.

关键词： rat robot bionic robot brain computer interface electrical stimulation somatosensory cortex

Transient neurogenesis in ischemic cortex from Sox2^(+)astrocytes

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第7期18卷 1521-1526页

作者： Jia-Lei Yang Hong Fan Fan-Fan Fu Bao-Lin Guo Ying Huang Li Sun Wen-Ting Wang Jun-Ling Xing Xin-Tian Hu Yu-Qiang Ding Kun Zhang Ying-Zhou Hu Ya-Zhou Wang Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences School of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvinceChina China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan HospitalBeijingChina Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvinceChina State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences&Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan ProvinceChina

The adult cortex has long been regarded as *** injury can induce neurogenesis in the adult cortex is still ***,we report that focal ischemia stimulates a transient wave of local *** 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeling,we demonstrated a rapid generation of doublecortin-positive neuroblasts that died quickly in mouse cerebral cortex following ***-Cre^(ER)-based cell ablation and fate mapping showed a small contribution of neuroblasts by subventricular zone neural stem *** a mini-photothrombotic ischemia mouse model and retrovirus expressing green fluorescent protein labeling,we observed maturation of locally generated new ***,fate tracing analyses using PDGFRα-,GFAP-,and Sox2-Cre^(ER) mice showed a transient wave of neuroblast generation in mild ischemic cortex and identified that Sox2-positive astrocytes were the major neurogenic cells in adult *** addition,a similar upregulation of Sox2 and appearance of neuroblasts were observed in the focal ischemic cortex of Macaca *** findings demonstrated a transient neurogenic response of Sox2-positive astrocytes in ischemic cortex,which suggests the possibility of inducing neuronal regeneration by amplifying this intrinsic response in the future.

关键词： adult astrocyte cortex fate-mapping ischemia local neurogenesis neural stem cells Sox2

Lesions of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus reverse abnormal firing of the medial prefrontal cortex neurons in parkinsonian rats

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第9期14卷 1635-1642页

作者： Ling-Ling Fan Bo Deng Jun-Bao Yan Zhi-Hong Hu Ai-Hong Ren Dong-Wei Yang Department of Physiology Medical College Henan University of Science and Technology

The dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex is associated with affective disorders and non-motor features in Parkinson’s ***,the exact role of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the function of the prefrontal cortex remains *** study the possible effects of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus on the neurological function of the medial prefrontal cortex,a model of Parkinson’s disease was established by injecting 8μg 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra compacta of *** 1 or 3 weeks,0.3μg ibotenic acid was injected into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the *** 3 or 5 weeks after the initial injury,neuronal discharge in medial prefrontal cortex of rat brain was determined *** numbers of dopamine-positive neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in substantia nigra compacta and ventral tegmental area were detected by immunohistochemical *** demonstrated that after injury,the immunoreactivity of dopamine neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase decreased in the substantia nigra compacta and ventral tegmental areas of *** with normal medial prefrontal cortical neurons,at 3 and 5 weeks after substantia nigra compacta injury,the discharge frequency of pyramidal neurons increased and the discharge pattern of these neurons tended to be a burst-discharge,with an increased discharge *** discharge frequency of interneurons decreased and the discharge pattern also tended to be a burst-discharge,but the discharge interval was only higher at 3 *** 3 weeks after the combined lesions,the discharge frequency,discharge pattern and discharge interval were restored to a normal level in pyramidal neurons and interneurons in medial prefrontal *** findings have confirmed that mediodorsal thalamic nucleus is involved in regulating neuronal activities of the medial prefrontal *** changes in the function of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus may be associated with the abnorma

关键词： nerve regeneration Parkinson's disease mediodorsal thalamic nucleus medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons interneurons discharge neural regeneration

Edema and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex of elderly rats following transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2009年第12期4卷 1013-1018页

作者： Mingshan Wang Lina Zhang Xiangyu Ji Yanwei Yin Hui Xu Hong Liu Nianguo Hou Department of Anesthesiology Qingdao Eastern Municipal Hospital Qingdao 266071 Shandong Province China Department of Anesthesiology Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical School Qingdao 266071 Shandong Province China

BACKGROUND： Previous studies of cerebral ischemia have used young animals, with an ischemic time greater than 5 minutes （safe time limit）. Despite an increased understanding of neuronal apoptosis, it remains uncertain whether brief cerebral ischemic events of 5 minutes or less damage brain tissue in elderly rodents. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of transient cerebral ischemia （5 minutes）/reperfusion injury on brain cortical and hippocampal edema, aquaporin-4 （AQP-4） expression, and neuronal apoptosis in aged rats, and to compare ischemic sensitivity between cortex and hippocampus. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, Qingdao University Medical School from April 2008 to March 2009. MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-AQP-4 polyclonal antibody, TUNEL kit, and SABC immunohistochemistry kit were purchased from Wuhan Boster Bioengineering, China. METHODS： A total of 160 healthy, male, aged 19-21 months, Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups： sham-surgery, and ischemia 1-, 3-, and 5-minute groups, with 40 rats in each group. The global cerebral ischemia model was established using the Pusinelli four-vessel occlusion, and the three cerebral ischemia groups were subdivided into reperfusion 12-hour, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 7-day subgroups, with 8 rats in each subgroup. The sham-surgery group was subjected to exposure of the first cervical bilateral alar foramina and bilateral common carotid arteries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The dry-wet weight assay was used to measure brain water content and histopathology of the cortex and hippocampus was observed following hematoxylin-eosin staining. In addition, cortical and hippocampal AQP-4 expression was detected by streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry, and neuronal apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL method. RESULTS： There was no significant difference in brain water content or AQP-4 expression in the cortex and hippocampus between ische

关键词： cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury hippocampus cortex brain edema aquaporin-4 apoptosis rat elderly

Mori cortex extract ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease( NAFLD) and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet/streptozotocininduced type 2 diabetes in rats

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2018年第6期16卷 411-417页

作者： MA Li-Li YUAN Yan-Yan ZHAO Ming ZHOU Xin-Rong Tashina Jehangir WANG Fu-Yan XI Yang BU Shi-Zhong Runliang Diabetes Laboratory Diabetes Research Center School of Medicine Ningbo University

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2 DM) are highly prevalent diseases and are closely associated, with NAFLD being present in the majority of T2 DM patients. In Asian traditional medicine, Mori cortex is widely used for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. However, whether it has a therapeutic effect on T2 DM associated with NAFLD is still unknown. The present study showed that the oral treatment with Mori cortex extract(MCE; 10 g·kg-1·d-1) lowered the blood lipid levels and reversed insulin resistance(IR) in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. The expression levels of sterol receptor element-binding protein-1 c(SREBP-1 c) and carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein(Ch REBP), which are involved in steatosis in NAFLD rats, were measured in the liver samples. MCE decreased the protein and m RNA expression levels of SREBP-1 c and Ch REBP. In conclusion, down-regulation of SREBP-1 c and Ch REBP might contribute to the protective effect of MCE on hepatic injury and IR in the rats with T2 DM associated with NAFLD.

关键词： Mori cortex extract Type 2 diabetes Non-alcoholic fatty liver Sterol receptor element-binding protein-It Carbohy-drate-responsive element binding protein

Increased CXCL13 and CXCR5 in Anterior Cingulate cortex Contributes to Neuropathic Pain-Related Conditioned Place Aversion

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2019年第4期35卷 613-623页

作者： Xiao-Bo Wu Li-Na He Bao-Chun Jiang Xue Wang Ying Lu Yong-Jing Gao Institute of Pain Medicine Institute of Special Environmental Medicine Nantong University Nantong 226019 China Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Nantong University Nantong 226019 China Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong 226001 China

Pain consists of sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective *** anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)is a critical brain area in mediating the affective ***,the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely *** recent study indicated that C-X-C motif chemokine 13(CXCL13)and its sole receptor CXCR5 are involved in sensory sensitization in the spinal cord after spinal nerve ligation(SNL).Whether CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling in the ACC contributes to the pathogenesis of pain-related aversion remains ***,we showed that SNL increased the CXCL13 level and CXCR5 expression in the ACC after *** of CXCR5 by microinjection of Cxcr5 shRNA into the ACC did not affect SNL-induced mechanical allodynia but effectively alleviated neuropathic painrelated place avoidance ***,electrophysiological recording from layer Ⅱ-Ⅲ neurons in the ACC showed that SNL increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents(sEPSCs),decreased the EPSC paired-pulse ratio,and increased the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ratio,indicating enhanced glutamatergic synaptic ***,superfusion of CXCL13 onto ACC slices increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous ***-injection of Cxcr5 shRNA into the ACC reduced the increase in glutamatergic synaptic transmis sion induced by ***,these results suggest that CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling in the ACC is involved in neuropathic pain-related aversion via synaptic potentiation.

关键词： CXCL13 CXCR5 Anterior cingulate cortex Neuropathic pain Conditioned place aversion Synaptic transmission

The Glutamatergic Postrhinal cortex–Ventrolateral Orbitofrontal cortex Pathway Regulates Spatial Memory Retrieval

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2019年第3期35卷 447-460页

作者： Xinyang Qi Zhanhong Jeff Du Lin Zhu Xuemei Liu Hua Xu Zheng Zhou Cheng Zhong Shijiang Li Liping Wang Zhijun Zhang Department of Neurology Affiliated ZhongDa HospitalInstitute of NeuropsychiatrySchool of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210009China Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technologythe Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute for Collaboration Research of the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology at the CAS and the McGovern Institute at Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Department of Biophysics Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA

A deficit in spatial memory has been taken as an early predictor of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) or mild cognitive impairment(MCI). The uncinate fasciculus(UF) is a long-range white-matter tract that connects the anterior temporal lobe with the orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)in primates. Previous studies have shown that the UF impairment associated with spatial memory deficits may be an important pathological change in aging and AD, but its exact role in spatial memory is not well understood. The pathway arising from the postrhinal cortex(POR) and projecting to the ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex(vlOFC)performs most of the functions of the UF in *** the literature suggests an association between spatial memory and the regions connected by the POR–vlOFC pathway, the function of the pathway in spatialmemory is relatively unknown. To further illuminate the function of the UF in spatial memory, we dissected the POR–vlOFC pathway in mice. We determined that the POR–vlOFC pathway is a glutamatergic structure, and that glutamatergic neurons in the POR regulate spatial memory retrieval. We also demonstrated that the POR–vlOFC pathway specifically transmits spatial information to participate in memory retrieval. These findings provide a deeper understanding of UF function and dysfunction related to disorders of memory, as in MCI and AD.

关键词： Spatial memory Postrhinal cortex Ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer's disease

Spatiotemporal organization of simple-cell receptive fields in area 18 of cat's cortex

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Science China(Life Sciences) 1998年第1期41卷 1-8页

作者：雷静江李朝义 1. Shanghai Institute of Physiology Chinese Academy of Sciences 200031 Shanghai China 2. Laboratory of Visual Information Processing Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China

Spatiotemporal structures of receptive fields (RF) have been studied for simple cells in area 18 of cat by measuring the temporal transfer function (TTF) over different locations (subregions) within the RF. The temporal characteristics of different subregions differed from each other in the absolute phase shift (APS) to visual stimuli. Two types of relationships can be seen: (i)The APS varied continuously from one subregion to the next; (ii) A 180° phase jump was seen as the stimulus position changed somewhere within the receptive field. Spatiotemporal receptive field profiles have been determined by applying reverse Fourier analysis to responses in the frequency domain. For the continuous type, spatial and temporal characteristics cannot be dissociated (space time inseparable) and the spatiotemporal structure is oriented. On the contrary, the spatial and temporal characteristics for the jumping type can be dissociated (space time separable) and the structure is not oriented in the space time plane. Based on the APSs measured at different subregions, the optimal direction of motion and optimal spatial frequency of neurons can be predicted.

关键词： visual cortex simple cell receptive field spatiotemporal characteristics response phase direction selectivity.