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blue light-induced phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 is essential for its photosensitivity

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2022年第9期64卷 1724-1738页

作者： Lin Gao Qing Liu Ming Zhong Nannan Zeng Weixian Deng Yaxing Li Dong Wang Siyuan Liu Qin Wang College of Life Sciences Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research CenterFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002 China School of Life Sciences State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642 China Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002 China Department of Biological Chemistry David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095 USA

Plants possess two cryptochrome photoreceptors,cryptochrome 1(CRY1)and cryptochrome 2(CRY2),that mediate overlapping and distinct physiological responses.Both CRY1 and CRY2 undergo blue light-induced phosphorylation,but the molecular details of CRY1 phosphorylation remain unclear.Here we identify 19 in vivo phosphorylation sites in CRY1 using mass spectrometry and systematically analyze the physiological and photobiochemical activities of CRY1 variants with phosphosite substitutions.We demonstrate that nonphosphorylatable CRY1 variants have impaired phosphorylation,degradation,and physiological functions,whereasphosphomimeticvariants mimic the physiological functions of phosphorylated CRY1 to constitutively inhibit hypocotyl elongation.We further demonstrate that phosphomimetic CRY1 variants exhibit enhanced interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1(CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1).This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that phosphorylation of CRY1 is required for COP1-dependent signaling and regulation of CRY1.We also determine that PHOTOREGULATORY PROTEIN KINASEs(PPKs)phosphorylate CRY1 in a blue light-dependent manner and that this phosphorylation is critical for CRY1 signaling and regulation.These results indicate that,similar to CRY2,blue light-dependent phosphorylation of CRY1 determines its photosensitivity.

关键词： Arabidopsis blue light cryptochrome phosphorylation PPK

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Arabidopsis phytochromes A and B synergistically repress SPA1 under blue light

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2023年第4期65卷 888-894页

作者： Xiaolin Jia Meifang Song Shaoci Wang Tong Liu Lijian Wang Lin Guo Liang Su Yong Shi Xu Zheng Jianping Yang State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Center for Crop Genome EngineeringLongzi Lake CampusCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450046China Institute of Radiation Technology Beijing Academy of Science and TechnologyBeijing 100875China Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Henan Police College Zhengzhou 450046China Beijing Genseed Technology Co. Ltd.Beijing 100080China

In Arabidopsis,although studies have demonstrated that phytochrome A(phyA)and phyB are involved in blue light signaling,how blue light-activated phytochromes modulate the activity of the CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1(COP1)-SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105(SPA1)E3 complex remains largely unknown.Here,we show that phyA responds to early and weak blue light,whereas phyB responds to sustainable and strong blue light.Activation of both phyA and phyB by blue light inhibits SPA1 activity.Specifically,blue light irradiation promoted the nuclear import of both phytochromes to stimulate their binding to SPA1,abolishing SPA1’s interaction with LONG HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5)to release HY5,which promoted seedling photomorphogenesis.

关键词： Arabidopsis blue light phytochrome SPA1

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FERONIA is involved in phototropin 1-mediated blue light phototropic growth in Arabidopsis

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2022年第10期64卷 1901-1915页

作者： Chiyu Li Jia Chen Xiaoyan Li Xin Zhang Ying Liu Sirui Zhu Long Wang Heping Zheng Sheng Luan Jiada Li Feng Yu School of Life Sciences Central South UniversityChangsha 410078China State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Hunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangsha 410125China

Plant shoot phototropism is triggered by the formation of a light-driven auxin gradient leading to bending growth.The blue light receptor phototropin 1(phot1)senses light direction,but how this leads to auxin gradient formation and growth regulation remains poorly understood.Previous studies have suggested phot1’s role for regulated apoplastic acidification,but its relation to phototropin and hypocotyl phototropism is unclear.Herein,we show that blue light can cause phot1 to interact with and phosphorylate FERONIA(FER),a known cell growth regulator,and trigger downstream phototropic bending growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.fer mutants showed defects in phototropic growth,similar to phot1/2 mutant.FER also interacts with and phosphorylates phytochrome kinase substrates,the phot1 downstream substrates.The phot1-FER pathway acts upstream of apoplastic acidification and the auxin gradient formation in hypocotyl under lateral blue light,both of which are critical for phototropic bending growth in hypocotyls.Our study highlights a pivotal role of FER in the phot1-mediated phototropic cell growth regulation in plants.

关键词： blue light FERONIA H+and auxin gradience formation hypocotyl phototropin 1 phototropism

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The dual-action mechanism of Arabidopsis cryptochromes

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第5期66卷 883-896页

作者： Gao-Ping Qu Bochen Jiang Chentao Lin Basic Forestry and Plant Proteomics Research Center Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China Department of Chemistry Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Biophysical DynamicsThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL 60637USA

Photoreceptor cryptochromes (CRYs) mediate blue-light regulation of plant growth and development. It has been reported that Arabidopsis CRY1and CRY2 function by physically interacting with at least 84 proteins, including transcription factors or co-factors, chromatin regulators, splicing factors, messenger RNA methyltransferases, DNA repair proteins, E3 ubiquitin ligases, protein kinases and so on. Of these 84 proteins, 47 have been reported to exhibit altered binding affinity to CRYs in response to blue light, and 41 have been shown to exhibit condensation to CRY photobodies. The blue light-regulated composition or condensation of CRY complexes results in changes of gene expression and developmental programs. In this mini-review, we analyzed recent studies of the photoregulatory mechanisms of Arabidopsis CRY complexes and proposed the dual mechanisms of action, including the “Lock-and-Key” and the “Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS)” mechanisms. The dual CRY action mechanisms explain, at least partially, the structural diversity of CRY-interacting proteins and the functional diversity of the CRY photoreceptors.

关键词： Arabidopsis blue light cryptochrome CRY1 CRY2 phaseseparation

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Effects of Different light Qualities on the Growth Characteristics of Populus trinervis

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第5期93卷 1043-1056页

作者： Jiaqi Li Zhensheng Qiao Dan Zong Chengzhong He Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province Southwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China State Forestry AdministrationSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of EducationSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina

Populus trinervis is native to China and plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the ecological balance of boreal and temperate forests.P.trinervis mainly grows in high-altitude areas.At present,there are limited studies on the response of P.trinervis to different light qualities,so it is necessary to investigate the photosynthetic physiological changes of P.trinervis in different light environments.In our study,P.trinervis was grown for 8 months under light filtered by three different colored films.The three treatments were blue film,green film,and white plastic film.The effects of blue(B),green(G),and white(W)light on photosynthetic pigment content,absolute growth,photosynthetic parameters,soluble sugar content,and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were studied,respectively.Compared to the Wtreatment,the chlorophyll a and b,carotenoids,total chlorophyll content(a+b),absolute growth of seedling height,net photosynthetic rate(PN),water use efficiency(WUE),total soluble sugars,sucrose,and nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ)of P.trinervis were significantly increased under B treatment.Meanwhile,chlorophyll a and b,carotenoids,total chlorophyll(a+b),transpiration rate(Tr),intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),stomatal conductance(gs),absolute growth of seedling height and leaf length,reducing sugar,total soluble sugar content,and NPQ were significantly increased under G treatment.The results showed that the absolute growth and chlorophyll content of P.trinervis were increased under B light,while the sugar and photosynthetic parameters were increased under G light.Additional studies may look into how B light impacts absolute growth and promotional mechanisms,as well as how G light affects the accumulation of sugar levels.

关键词： blue light green light white light photosynthetic pigment soluble sugar

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The HY5 transcription factor negatively regulates ethylene production by inhibiting ACS1 expression under blue light conditions in pear

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2023年第5期9卷 920-930页

作者： Weiting Liu Lichao Zhang Li Ma Hui Yuan Aide Wang Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology Key Laboratory of Protected HorticultureNational&Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design&Application TechnologyCollege of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110866China Department of Foreign Language Teaching Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110866China

Ethylene is the main factor controlling fruit ripening of pear(Pyrus ussuriensis).Ethylene production rate is negatively correlated with fruit shelf life;therefore,it is important to decrease the ethylene levels for optimal fruit storage.Here,we observed that blue light treatment could inhibit ethylene production and promote the expression of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(PuHY5),a basic leucine zipper domain(bZIP)transcription factor.The following studies showed that PuHY5 could bind to the promoter of ACC synthase 1(PuACS1),a rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis,and inhibit its expression.For pears in which Pu HY5 was silenced,the ethylene production and PuACS1 expression were much higher than those in the control fruit.These results demonstrated that blue light inhibited ethylene production through the induction of Pu HY5 in pear.Our finding provides a new method for prolonging fruit shelf life.

关键词： Pear Pyrus ussuriensis Fruit ripening blue light Ethylene synthesis PuHY5 PuACS1

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blue light-Triggered Chemical Reactions Underlie Phosphate Deficiency-Induced Inhibition of Root Elongation oM/ab/dops/s Seedlings Grown in Petri Dishes

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Molecular Plant 2019年第11期12卷 1515-1523页

作者： Zai Zheng Zhen Wang Xiaoyue Wang Dong Liu MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics Center for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

To tolerate phosphate(Pi)deficiency in the environment,plants alter their developmental and metabolic programs.In the past two decades,researchers have extensively used Petri dish-grown seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study the molecular mechanisms underlying root developmental responses to Pi deficiency.A typical developmental response of the Petri dish-grown Arabidopsis seedlings to Pi deficiency is the inhibited growth of primary root(PR).This response is generally thought to enhance the production of lateral roots and root hairs,which increases the plant’s ability to obtain Pi and is therefore regarded as an active cellular response.Here,we report that direct illumination of root surface with blue light is critical and sufficient for Pi deficiency-induced inhibition of PR growth in Arabidopsis seedlings.We further show that a blue light-triggered malate-mediated photo-Fenton reaction and a canonical Fenton reaction form an Fe redox cycle in the root apoplast.This Fe redox cycle results in the production of hydroxyl radicals that inhibit PR growth.In addition to revealing the molecular mechanism underlying Pi deficiency-induced inhibition of PR growth,our work demonstrated that this developmental change is not an active cellular response;instead,it is a phenotype resulting from root growth in transparent Petri dishes.This finding is significant because illuminated,transparent Petri dishes have been routinely used to study Arabidopsis root responses to environmental changes.

关键词： phosphate deficiency root response blue light Fe redox cycle hydroxyl radicals

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blue-light Emission from Undoped and Rare Earth-Doped Wide Bandgap Oxides

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Journal of Rare Earths 2006年第6期24卷 728-731页

作者：郝建华何国庚黄雄武吴锐 Department of Optoelectronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China

Rare earth-doped oxide thin-film phosphors may emerge as an alternate choice for the blue phosphor, due to their chemical and thermal stability in high vacuum and absence of corrosive gas emission under electron bombardment. The blue phosphors in this study were activated in air at temperatures suitable for glass substrates, which have been used in a number of applications. The effects of rare earth ions and oxide hosts on the blue-light-emitting properties of phosphors are discussed. In addition, novel blue-light emission was observed in certain typical undoped wide bandgap oxides. The luminescence of the oxides depends on the growth and annealing conditions under different atmospheres, suggesting that it is associated with the presence of oxygen vacancies. Radiative processes related to oxygen vacancies were also presented.

关键词： wide bandgap luminescence rare earths oxide blue light rare earths

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Leaf Positioning of Arabidopsis in Response to blue light

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Molecular Plant 2008年第1期1卷 15-26页

作者： Shin-ichiro Inoue Toshinori Kinoshit Atsushi Takemiya Michio Doi Ken-ichiro Shimazaki Department of Biology Faculty of Science Kyushu University Ropponmatsu Fukuoka 810-8560 Japan Research and Development Center for Higher Education Kyushu University Ropponmatsu Fukuoka 810-8560 Japan

Appropriate leaf positioning is essential for optimizing photosynthesis and plant growth. However, it has not been elucidated how green leaves reach and maintain their position for capturing light. We show here the regulation of leaf positioning under blue light stimuli. When 1-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings grown under white light were transferred to red light （25 i, mol m^-2 s^-1） for 5 d, new petioles that appeared were almost horizontal and their leaves were curled and slanted downward. However, when a weak blue light from above （0.1 i, mol m^-2 s^-1） was superimposed on red light, the new petioles grew obliquely upward and the leaves were flat and horizontal. The leaf positioning required both phototropinl （photl） and nonphototropic hypocotyl 3 （NPH3）, and resulted in enhanced plant growth. In an nph3 mutant, neither optimal leaf positioning nor leaf flattening by blue light was found, and blue light-induced growth enhancement was drastically reduced. When blue light was increased from 0.1 to 5 i, mol m^-2 s^-1, normal leaf positioning and leaf flattening were induced in both photl and nph3 mutants, suggesting that phot2 signaling became functional and that the signaling was independent of photl and NPH3 in these responses. When plants were irradiated with blue light （0.1 i, mol m^-2 s^- 1） from the side and red light from above, the new leaves became oriented toward the source of blue light. When we transferred these plants to both blue light and red light from above, the leaf surface changed its orientation to the new blue light source within a few hours, whereas the petioles initially were unchanged but then gradually rotated, suggesting the plasticity of leaf positioning in response to blue light. We showed the tissue expression of NPH3 and its plasma membrane localization via the coiled-coil domain and the C-terminal region. We conclude that NPH3-mediated phototropin signaling optimizes the efficiency of light perception by inducing both optimal leaf positioning and leaf flattening, and enhances plant g

关键词： Leaf Positioning of Arabidopsis Response blue light

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The blue light receptor CRY1 interacts with GID1 and DELLA proteins to repress GA signaling during photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2021年第8期14卷 1328-1342页

作者： Ming Zhong Bingjie Zeng Dongying Tang Jiaxin Yang Lina Qu Jindong Yan Xiaochuan Wang Xin Li Xuanming Liu Xiaoying Zhao College of Biology Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental RegulationHunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research CenterHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Shenzhen Institute Hunan UniversityShenzhen 518057China

light is a critical environmental cue that regulates a variety of diverse plant developmental processes.Cryptochrome 1(CRY1)is the major photoreceptor that mediates blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses such as the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation.Gibberellin(GA)participates in the repression of photomorphogenesis and promotes hypocotyl elongation.However,the antagonistic interaction between blue light and GA is not well understood.Here,we report that blue light represses GA-induced degradation of the DELLA proteins(DELLAs),which are key negative regulators in the GA signaling pathway,via CRY1,thereby inhibiting the GA response during hypocotyl elongation.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that CRY1 physically interacts with GA receptors-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 proteins(GID1s)-and DELLAs in a blue light-dependent manner.Furthermore,we showed that CRY1 inhibits the association between GID1s and DELLAs.Genetically,CRY1 antagonizes the function of GID1s to repress the expression of cell elongation-related genes and thus hypocotyl elongation.Taken together,our findings demonstrate that CRY1 coordinates blue light and GA signali ng for plant photomorphogenesis by stabilizing DELLAs through the binding and in activation of GID1s,providing new in sights into the mechanism by which blue light antagonizes the function of GA in photomorphogenesis.

关键词： cryptochrome 1 blue light gibberellic acid GID1 DELLA proteins

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