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Pharmacodynamic evaluation for antiplasmodial activity of Holarrhena antidysentrica(Kutaja) and Azadirachta indica(Neemb) in Plasmodium berghei infected mice model

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2013年第7期6卷 520-524页

作者： Jadhav Priyanka Lal Hingorani Kshirsagar Nilima University Department of Infectious Diseases and University Department of Interpathy Research and Technology.Maharashtra University of Health Sciences.Mumbai India Pharmanza Herbals Pvt.Ltd. MumbaiIndia Office of National Chair(Clinical Pharmacology).Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR).Government of India Dean ESI-PGIMSR MGM HospitalGovt.of India.MumbaiIndia

Objective:To investigate in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous extracts of plants selected based on the symptomology mentioned in Ayurveda.Methods:The aqueous extracts of Holarrhena antidysentrica(H.antidysentrica)(Kutaja) and Azadirachta indica(A.indica)(Neemb) for their antiplasmodial potential in Plasmodium berghei(P.berghei) infected mice was assessed using Peters four day suppressive test.Both the extracts were administered at 2 dose levels,full dose(1 000 mg/d) and minimized dose(200 mg/d).10~6 P.berghei infected RBCs were injected on day ’0’ and treated from day ’0’ till day ’3’ post-infection,Tail blood smears were collected, giemsa stained and analyzed.The mice were observed for survival and parasitemia was assessed till 50%of mice in control survived.Results:It was observed that the percentage of parasitemia increased gradually in all the groups,with maximum in control group(Day 3-35,Day 9-46.98) and minimum in Chloroquine arm(Day 3-14.06.Day 9-19.92).The percentage of parasitemia was compared using Mann-Whitney U test depicting that all test groups exhibited reduction in parasitemia as compared to control(P-value<0.002 for all groups).These groups showed similar percentage of survival as Chloroquine.Conclusions:The present investigation demonstrated the anti-plasmodial effects of H.antidysentrica and A.indica.which are two most commonly used medicinal plants in Ayurved for treatment of fever.

关键词： Holarrhena antidysentrica Azadirachta indica Plasmodium berghei Malaria Peter’s 4 day test Ayurved Parasitemia

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In vitro antifilarial activity of Azadirachta indica aqueous extract through reactive oxygen species enhancement

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2014年第11期7卷 841-848页

作者： Niladri Mukherjee Prasanta Saini Suprabhat Mukherjee Priya Roy Santi P.Sinha Babu Parasitology Laboratory Department of Zoology(Centre for Advanced Studies)Visva-Bharati University

Objective:To evaluate an aqueous preparation from the Azadirachta indica leaves(AEA) against Setaria cervi(S.cervi),a model filarial parasite.Methods:In vitro efficacy of AEA was evaluated against S.cervi through estimation of relative motility value,dye exclusion test and MTT assay.Visible morphological alterations were monitored using conventional microscopic techniques in microfilariae and haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of AEA-treated adults.Results:Enhancement of reactive oxygen species in S.cervi treated with AEA was established through alteration in the activity of glutathione S-transferase,superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase and level of superoxide anion and reduced glutathione.Conclusions:In vitro filaricidal activity of AEA is possibly through disturbing redox homeostasis by down-regulating and altering the level of some key antioxidants and regulatory enzymes like reduced glutathione,glutathione S-transferase,superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase of S.cervi.

关键词： Azadirachta indica Setaria cervi Antifilarial Reactive oxygen species

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Neem(Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2013年第7期3卷 505-514页

作者： Venugopalan Santhosh Kumar Visweswaran Navaratnam Centre for Drug Research Universiti Sains Malaysia11800 Penang Malaysia Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 1 Place St GervaisCH-1201 Geneva Switzerland

The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the beginning of history.The world health organization estimatesthat 80%of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditionalmedicine for their primary health care.More than half of the world’s population still relies entirely on plants for medicines,and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditionalmedical products.The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat variousailments from prehistory to contemporary.

关键词： Azadirachta indica Palm leaf manuscripts Prehistory

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Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Wistar rats

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第10期2卷 811-817页

作者： Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafal Latifat Olubukola Orekoya Musa Toyin Yakubu Department of Plant Sciences University of the Free StateQwaqwa campus Deparment of Botany Lagos State UniversityBadagry Express Way Phytomedicine ToxicologyReproductive Biochemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Ilorin

Objective:To investigate the loxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica(A-indica)at 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.Methods:Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five(A-F.)of ten animals each.Animals in Group A(control)were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50,100,200 and 300mg/kg body weight.Results:The extract did not significantly(P>0.05)alter the levels of albumin,total protein,red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell,platelets,serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly(P<0.05).In contrast,the final body weights,absolute weights of the liver,kidney,lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios,serum globulins,total and conjugated bilirubin,serum cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly.The spleen-body weight ratio,alkaline phosphatase,alanine and aspartate transaminases,sodium,potassium,calcium,feed and water intake were altered at specific doses.Conclusions:Overall,the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals.Therefore,the ethanolic extract of A.indica stem bark at the doses of 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.

关键词： Azadirachta indica Feed intake Functional indices Haematological parameters Lipid profile Meliaceae

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Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica against house dust mites

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2011年第5期1卷 365-369页

作者： Azima Laili Hanifah Siti Hazar Awang Ho Tze Ming Suhaili Zainal Abidin Maizatul Hashima Omar Acarology Unit Infectious Disease Research CenterInstitute for Medical ResearchJalan Pahang Phytochemistry Unit Herbal Medical Research CenterInstitute for Medical ResearchJalan Pahang

Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.farinae)and Dermalophagoides pteronyssinus(D.pteronyssinus).Methods:Twenty-five adults mites were placed onto treated filter paper that is soaked with plant extract and been tested at different concentrations(50.00%,25.00%,12.50%,6.25%and 3.13%)and exposure times(24hrs,48hrs,72hrs and 96 hrs).All treatments were replicated 7 times,and the experiment repeated once.The topical and contact activities of the two herbs were investigated.Results:Mortalities from lemongrass extract were higher than neem for both topical and contact activities.At 50%concentration,both 24 hrs topical and contact exposures to lemongrass resulted in more than 91%mortalities for both species of inites.At the same concentration and exposure time,neem resulted in topical mortalities of 40.3%and 15.7%against D.pteronyssinus and D.farinae respectively;contact mortalities were 8.0%and 8.9%against the 2 mites,respectively.There was no difference in topical mortalities of D.pteronyssinus from exposure to concentrations oflemongrass and neem up to 12.50%;lemongrass was more effective than neem at the higher concentrations.Conclusions:Generally,topical mortalities of D.farinae due to lemongrass are higher than that due to neem.Contact mortalities of lemongrass are always higher that neem against both species of mites.

关键词： Acaricidal Lemongrass Neem House dust mites Cymbopogon citratus Azadirachta indica Dermatophagoides farinae Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus

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Antifertility effects of Azadirachta indica methanol seed extract on canine spermatozoa in vitro

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Asian pacific Journal of Reproduction 2020年第3期9卷 135-141页

作者： Chike Fidelis Oguejiofor Ifeanyi Gabriel Eke Kenneth Orji Anya Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of NigeriaNsukka 410001Nigeria Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of NigeriaNsukka 410001Nigeria

Objective:To investigate the effects of Azadirachta(A.)indica methanol seed extract on canine male fertility in vitro.Methods:The effect of the A.indica methanol seed extract(2.5,5.0,10.0 and 20.0 mg/mL,respectively)on canine spermatozoa was evaluated in vitro at 1.0,2.5,5.0 and 10.0 min post-treatment.The two controls were comprised of sperm sample in phosphate-buffered saline,and sperm sample in phosphate-buffered saline and 1%dimethyl sulfoxide,respectively.The experiment was repeated(n=3)in duplicates with semen collected from 3 adult Basenjis.The effect of A.indica methanol seed extract treatments on canine spermatozoal total and progressive motility(phase-contrast microscopy),sperm vitality(eosin-nigrosin vital staining method)and total abnormalities(phase contrast microscopy,eosin-nigrosin staining and Papanicolaou staining methods)were determined.Results:A.indica methanol seed extract treatment caused a concentration and time-dependent decrease in sperm percentage total motility,progressive motility and vitality.The absence of sperm revival post-treatment provided evidence of a permanent or irreversible incapacitation of sperm by A.indica methanol seed extract.Conclusions:The inhibition of sperm motility and significant spermicidal effect observed post-treatment suggest that A.indica methanol seed extract may produce a potent antifertility or contraceptive effect in dogs if applied as an intra-vaginal cream pre-coitus.

关键词： Antifertility Azadirachta indica Canine Spermatozoa Contraceptive

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Evaluation of Topical Application of <i>Azadirachta indica</i>(Neem) in Prevention of Gingivitis: A Randomized Control Trial

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Open Journal of Stomatology 2019年第11期9卷 249-259页

作者： Vibha Singh Anjani Kumar Pathak Kopal Goel Mahesh Pal

Background: The purpose of the present study was to envisage the anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory properties of neem (Azadirachta) in the form of a mouth gel. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects (33 males and 27 females) from age group 19 - 35 years, suffering from mild to moderate gingivitis were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 30) participants were advised experimental (neem) gel and Group B (n = 30) participants were advised 0.2% chlorhexidine gel. All the clinical parameters (the gingival index by Loe and Silness [1], Plaque index by Silness and Loe [2] and sulcus bleeding index by Muhlemann H. R. and Sen S. [3]) were recorded at baseline, on the 14th day and 21st day by the same clinician in both groups. Results: on intragroup comparison the gingival index, plaque index and sulcus bleeding index decrease significantly in both the groups in all assessed periods. On intergroup comparison the indices did not differ significantly at baseline but after 2nd and 3rd week, the indices in Group B decrease more than the group A, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the observations of our study, it can be concluded that chlorhexidine gluconate as well as neem gel can be effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in prevention of plaque and gingivitis. chlorhexidine gluconate gel has been found to be more effective when antiplaque and anti-inflammatory properties were considered. The effect of neem observed maybe because of its anti-inflammatory action. The antiplaque action of chlorhexidine gluconate is due to its substantivity. Substantivity of neem is required to be further studied.

关键词： Azadirachta Gingivitis. Anti Plaque

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Chemical constituents and biological activities of Azadirachta indica A. Juss

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Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines 2019年第1期14卷 52-63页

作者： Xuegui Liu Yuqiu Sun Jun Bian Mengchao Lv Ting Han Danqi Li Pinyi Gao College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang Liaoning 110142 P. R. China

Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a tropical evergreen plant, belonging to the Meliaceae family. The plant is used as folk medicines for the treatment of fever, neuromuscular pains, skin infections, diabetes and heart disease. Previous researches show that the plant possesses several types of chemical constituents and diverse biological activities. The paper concludes chemical constituents, biological activities and pesticide products of A. indica.

关键词： Azadirachta indica A. Juss chemical constituents pharmacological activities pesticide products review

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In vitro activity of neem oil [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)] on Aspergillus flavus growth, sporulation, viability of spores, morphology and Aflatoxins B1 and B2 production

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2010年第4期1卷 292-299页

作者： Christiane L. da Costa Marcia R. F. Geraldo Carla C. Arrotéia Carlos Kemmelmeier 不详

The effectiveness of neem (Azadiracta indica) oil on the growth, morphology, sporulation, viability of spores, aflatoxin B1 and B2 production by A. flavus on Yeast Extract-Sucrose medium was determined. Neem oil inhibited the fungal growth (i.e. mycelia dry weight, diameter of colony and growth rate) on solid media at concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0% v/v, although it significantly increased sporulation in the same conditions. Spores obtained from cultures grown without neem oil reduced germination when incubated in a neem oil supplemented medium. Colonies grown on solid media and in submerged cultures in the presence of neem oil exhibited morphological alterations, including granular cytoplasm, atypical hyphae branching pattern, abnormal and undifferentiated conidiophores. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to measure aflatoxins. In submerged cultures, neem oil at concentrations from 0.5 to 4.0% v/v caused approximately 95% inhibition in Aflatoxin B1 and B2. On other hand, these conditions failed to suppress fungal growth. Current research emphasized that neem oil was not fungistatic or fungicidal, but exhibited anti-aflatoxigenic activity.

关键词： Azadirachta indica Aspergillus flavus Neem oil Aflatoxins

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The effects of neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (meliaceae)] oil on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicagenis and Fusarium subglutinans and the production of fusaric acid toxin

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2010年第1期1卷 1-6页

作者： Marcia Regina Ferreira Geraldo Carla Cristina Arroteia Carlos Kemmelmeier 不详

Fungi of the genus Fusarium are well known plant pathogens, cause several vascular diseases and are producers of toxins. In vitro assays evaluated the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on the diameter of colonies, dry weight, spore production, spore viability and production of Fusaric Acid toxin on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicagenis and Fusarium subglutinans isolates. Effects of Neem oil were analyzed at concentrations 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% in Czapek Yeast Agar medium. The production of Fu- saric acid was determined by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantified by UV spectrophotometry. Neem oil showed inhibitory effects on the isolates tested, although they varied according to type of isolate and oil concentration. Neem oil was efficient in reducing the colonies’ diameter and dry weight in concentration-dependent manner. Neem oil was efficacious at higher concentration in the decrease of sporulation. Spore germination was affected by Neem oil when the spore was grown in Neem-contained medium as when the spore emerged from a culture in a Neem medium. Neem oil decreased and even inhibited the production of Fusaric acid by the assayed isolates. Since these isolates are plant pathogens and producers of Fusaric acid, Neem oil may be introduced as an integral item in the management of host plants.

关键词： Fusarium Azadirachta Indica Fusaric Acid Antifungal Activity

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