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Dietary carbohydrate-to-protein ratio influences growth performance,hepatic health and dynamic of gut microbiota in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第3期10卷 261-279页

作者： Alejandro Villasante Carolina Ramírez Hector Rodríguez Patricio Dantagnan Adrian Hernandez Elías Figueroa Jaime Romero Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía Universidad de Las AmericasSantiagoChile Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos Unidad de AlimentosInstituto de Nutricion y Tecnología de Los Alimentos(INTA)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile Programa de Anatomía y Biología Del Desarrollo Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Núcleo de Investigacion en Produccion Alimentaria Facultad de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Catolica de TemucoTemucoChile

Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)fed a carbohydrate-rich diet exhibit suboptimal growth performance,along with other metabolic disturbances.It is well known that gut microbes play a pivotal role in influencing metabolism of the host,and these microbes can be modified by the diet.The main goal of the present study was to determine the effect of feeding graded levels of digestible carbohydrates to Atlantic salmon on the distal intestine digesta microbiota at 3 sampling times(i.e.,weeks 4,8 and 12),during a 12-week trial.A low carbohydrate-to-high protein diet(LC/HP,0%wheat starch),a medium carbohydrate-tomedium protein diet(MC/MP,15%wheat starch)or a high carbohydrate-to-low protein diet(HC/LP,30%wheat starch)was fed to triplicate fish tanks(27 to 28 fish per tank).We performed an in-depth characterization of the distal intestine digesta microbiota.Further,growth parameters,liver histology and the expression of genes involved in hepatic neolipogenesis in fish were measured.Fish fed a HC/LP diet showed greater hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes(P=0.026 and P=0.018,respectively),lower final weight(P=0.005),weight gain(P=0.003),feed efficiency(P=0.033)and growth rate(P=0.003)compared with fish fed the LC/HP diet.Further,feeding salmon a high digestible carbohydrate diet caused greater lipid vacuolization,steatosis index(P=0.007)and expression of fatty acid synthase(fas)and delta-6 fatty acyl desaturase(d6fad)(P=0.001 and P=0.001,respectively)in the liver compared with fish fed the LC/HP diet.Although,the major impact of feeding a carbohydrate-rich diet to Atlantic salmon in beta diversity of distal intestine digesta microbiota was observed at week 4(HC/LP vs MC/MP and HC/LP vs LC/HP;P=0.007 and P=0.008,respectively)and week 8(HC/LP vs MC/MP;P=0.04),no differences between experimental groups were detected after 12 weeks of feeding.Finally,at the end of the trial,there was a negative correlation between lactic acid bacteria(LAB)members,including Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus,with hepatic steatosis level,the hepatosomat

关键词： Microbiota Microbiome Atlantic salmon Steatosis Lactic acid bacteria Probiotics

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Effects of specific doses of E-beam irradiation which inactivated SARS-CoV-2 on the nutrition and quality of Atlantic salmon

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2023年第4期12卷 1351-1358页

作者： Huilin Yu Junhui Zhang Yan Zhao Honghao Li Yixuan Chen Jiajin Zhu Department of Food Science and Nutrition Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

The contamination of Atlantic salmon with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has impeded the development of the cold-chain food industry and posed possible risks to the population.Electron beam(E-beam)irradiation under 2,4,7,and 10 kGy can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain seafood.However,there are few statistics about the quality changes of salmon exposed to these irradiation dosages.This work demonstrated that E-beam irradiation at dosages capable of killing SARS-CoV-2 induced lipid oxidation,decreased vitamin A content,and increased some amino acids and ash content.In addition,irradiation altered the textural features of salmon,such as its hardness,resilience,cohesiveness,and chewiness.The irradiation considerably affected the L*,a*,and b*values of salmon,with the L*value increasing and a*,b*values decreasing.There was no significant difference in the sensory evaluation of control and irradiated salmon.It was shown that irradiation with 2−7 kGy E-beam did not significantly degrade quality.The inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in salmon is advised at a dose of 2 kGy.

关键词： E-beam irradiation Atlantic salmon SARS-CoV-2 Physicochemical properties

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Effects of dissolved oxygen on intestinal bacterial community and immunity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2023年第1期41卷 364-375页

作者： Shihong XU Yanfeng WANG Caixia GAO Sarath BABU V Jun LI Qinghua LIU Zhizhong XIAO Yingxuan XU Chunyan ZHAO Li LIN Liang CHI Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao 266109China Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine Team State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS)Harbin 150069China CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl BreedingZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringGuangzhou 510225China University College London London WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom School of Marine Science and Engineering Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao 266109China

Dissolved oxygen(DO)is one of most important factors which affect wide range physiologic features of including immune responses and intestinal bacterial community.However,the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic.To address this question,the intestinal bacterial community compositions and the immune features of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)grown in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS)were characterized.Fish were reared under different DO saturation levels,e.g.,200% saturation named high group(H),100%saturation named control group(CK),and 60%saturation named lower group(L).Large variations in the operational taxonomic units(OTUs)frequency distribution for the intestinal bacterial community of Atlantic salmon were observed.The intestinal bacterial community of all groups was dominated mainly by three phyla,e.g.,Proteobacteria.Firmicutes,and Bacteroidetes.Interestingly,Acinetobacter baumannii,an opportunistic pathogen of salmon was increased significantly in L group.We further monitored the immunity features of fish under different DO levels.The results show that leucocyte number,cortisol level,the expressions of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like protein 2(NOD2)were higher at significant levels in the L group than those in the other two groups.TLR4 and NOD2 are usually related with the bacterial infections;therefore,it is reasonable to believe that the stronger immune responses observed in the L group might be related with the higher abundance of A.baumannii in the inte stine of Atlantic salmon.Overall,these findings demonstrated that low DO level may induce stronger immunity responses in Atlantic salmon.

关键词： Atlantic salmon dissolved oxygen(DO) immune responses microbiota intestine

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Differential effects of internal tagging depending on depth treatment in Atlantic salmon:a cautionary tale for aquatic animal tag use

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Current Zoology 2019年第6期65卷 665-673页

作者： Daniel W.WRIGHT Lars H.STIEN Tim DEMPSTER Frode oPPEDAL Institute of Marine Research Matre Research StationMatredalNorway Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory-Temperate and Tropical School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia

Electronic tags are widespread tools for studying aquatic animal behavior;however,tags risk behavioral manipulation and negative welfare outcomes.During an experiment to test behavioral differences of Atlantic salmon Sal mo salar in different aquaculture cage types,including ones expected to elicit deeper swimming behavior,we found negative tagging effects depending on whether cages were depth-modified.In the experiment,data storage tags implanted in Atlantic salmon tracked their depth behavior and survival in unmodified sea-cages and depth-modified seacages that forced fish below or into a narrow seawater-or freshwater-filled snorkel tube from a 4 m net roof to the surface.All tagged individuals survived in unmodified cages;however,survival was reduced to 62%in depth-modified cages.Survivors in depth-modified cages spent considerably less time above 4 m than those in unmodified cages,and dying individuals in depth-modified cages tended to position in progressively shallower water.The maximum depth that fish in our study could attain neutral buoyancy was estimated at 22 m in seawater.We calculated that the added tag weight in water reduced this to 8 m,and subtracting the tag volume from the peritoneal cavity where the swim bladder reinflates reduced this further to 4 m.We conclude that the internal tag weight and volume affected buoyancy regulation as well as the survival and behavior of tagged fish.Future tagging studies on aquatic animals should carefully consider the buoyancy-related consequences of internal tags with excess weight in water,and the inclusion of data from dying tagged animals when estimating normal depth behaviors.

关键词： Atlantic salmon physostome Salmo salar swim bladder swimming depth tagging effects

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Effects of Pumping Height and Repeated Pumping in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

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Natural Resources 2016年第6期7卷 377-383页

作者： Åsa Maria Espmark Kjell Ø. Midling Jonatan Nilsson Odd-Børre Humborstad Nofima AS Sunndals&oslash ra Norway Nofima AS Troms&oslash Norway Institute of Marine Research Bergen Norway

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pumping height and repeated pumping on the generalized stress response and gross injuries in harvest sized Atlantic salmon. Fish pumped from a net pen at either high (5.2 m) or low (3.6 m) pumping heights showed an elevated, but not severe physiological stress response (pH, pCO2, lactate, potassium, haematocrit, and sodium) compared to fish netted (not pumped), while effects of different pumping heights were overall not demonstrated. Repeated pumping (either 3 or 6 times) also caused an increase in stress response (pH, pCO2, pO2, lactate, potassium and sodium) compared to control fish, and a positive dose-response relationship was found for lactate. No fish died as a result of pumping, nor were injuries observed that could exclusively be attributed to pumping. In conclusion, although elevated from the control groups, the stress response following increasing pumping height and repeated pumping as conducted in these experiments were not indicative of causing severe stress or injuries.

关键词： Handling Pumping Height Repeated Pumping Atlantic salmon Stress Welfare

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Intestinal epithelial cell turnover is an adaptive response to diet-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L)

Intestinal epithelial cell turnover is an adaptive response ...

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The 14th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition & Feeding

作者： Elvis M.Chikwati Inger Rudshaug Gunn C.Φstby Fredrik F.Venold Thor Landsverk Stle Refstie Anne Marie Bakke Michael H.Penn shild Krogdahl Aquaculture Protein Centre(a CoE) Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic MedicineNorwegian School of Veterinary Science Section of Anatomy and Pathology Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic MedicineNorwegian School of Veterinary Science

Inclusion of plant ingredients in fish feeds is often associated with manifestations of wide ranging gastrointestinal(GIT) disorders.The causes remain elusive.Knowledge regarding intestinal response mechanisms may contribute to the better understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.Intestinal epithelial cell(IEC) turnover(proliferation, differentiation,migration and loss) is an important adaptive response of the fish intestine to diverse stimuli such as inflammation,parasitism,chemo- and radio- toxicity.

关键词： Intestinal epithelium Cell proliferation BrdU Soybean meal Atlantic salmon

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Dietary methylmercury and n-3/n-6 ratio affects lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon

Dietary methylmercury and n-3/n-6 ratio affects lipid metabo...

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The 14th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition & Feeding

作者： Bente E.Torstensen Lise Andreasen Pal A.Olsvik Heidi Amlund National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood research(NIFES) P.O.Box 2020Nordnes5817BergenNorway National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood research(NIFES) P.O.Box 2020Nordnes5817BergenNorway.Current address:EWOSBergenNorway

Fish farming has expanded dramatically during the last few decades,and the increasing demand for fish oil for feed production has forced the industry to search for alternative lipid sources,among them vegetable oils.Further,focus on seafood safety has increased in recent years. Among the contaminants,is methylmercury(MeHg) of great concern,since it is highly toxic and damages the nervous system.Seafood consumption on the other hand,has positive effects on both coronary heart diseases and mental health,due to the high content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids(HUFA).Thus,the interaction between MeHg and fish oil in both fish and humans is of great interest.The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of replacing fish oil (high dietary n-3/n-6 ratio) by soybean oil(low dietary n-3/n-6 ratio) in combination with MeHg in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) on lipid metabolism and MeHg accumulation.

关键词： Interaction fatty acids and mercury Atlantic salmon gene expression Lipid metabolism Methylmercury toxicity Kinetics

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Effect of feeding Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) a diet enriched with stearidonic acid from parr to smolt on growth and n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis

Effect of feeding Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) a diet enr...

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The 14th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition & Feeding

作者： Basseer M.Codabaccus Andrew R.Bridle Peter D.Nichols Chris G.Carter NCMCRS AMCUniversity of TasmaniaBag 1370LauncestonTAS 7250 Australia CSIRO Food Futures Flagship Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 1538HobartTAS 7001Australia Marine Research Laboratories Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries InstituteUniversity of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 49HobartTAS 7001Australia

Vegetable oils(VO) have become the predominant substitute for fish oil(FO) in aquafeeds, however,the resultant lower concentrations of(n-3) long-chain(>C) polyunsaturated fatty acids [(n-3) LC-PUFA]in fish has put their use under scrutiny.The need to investigate new oil sources exists.This research tested the hypothesis that in Atlantic salmon a high intake of stearidonic acid (SDA) from Echium oil(EO) would result in increased(n-3) LC-PUFA biosynthesis and deposition due to lower competition for A6 desaturase.Comparisons were made to diets containing canola oil (CO) and FO for 112 d in freshwater followed by 84 d in seawater after smolting.EO diet resulted in a higher eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) than CO diet in seawater.Fatty acid mass balance of freshwater fish indicated higher biosynthesis of eicosatetraenoic acid(ETA) and EPA in EO fish compared to fish on the other diets with a 2 fold increase in the biosynthesis of(n-3) LC-PUFA due to dietary SDA.In seawater,biosynthetic activity was markedly reduced in all treatments,but there was higher biosynthesis of ETA in EO fish and appearance of all desaturation and elongation products along the(n-3) pathway.Given the biosynthetic precursors of(n-3) LC-PUFA,present in both CO and EO fish,no additional dietary(n-3) LC-PUFA were required for smoltification.SDA enriched plant oils might be a more suitable FO substitutes than conventional VO due to higher SDA content,higher total(n-3) and improved(n-3)/(n-6) ratio.

关键词： Echium oil Stearidonic acid Atlantic salmon Biosynthesis Fatty acid

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