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Contextual influences on animal decision-making:Significance for behavior-based wildlife conservation and management

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Integrative Zoology 2017年第1期12卷 32-48页

作者： Megan A.OWEN Ronald R.SWAISGOOD Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN Institute for Conservation Research San Diego Zoo GlobalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA

Survival and successful reproduction require animals to make critical decisions amidst a naturally dynamic environmental and social background(i.e.“context”).However,human activities have pervasively,and rapidly,extended contextual variation into evolutionarily novel territory,potentially rendering evolved animal decision-making mechanisms and strategies *** suggest that explicitly focusing on animal decision-making(ADM),by integrating and applying findings from studies of sensory ecology,cognitive psychology,behavioral economics and eco-evolutionary strategies,may enhance our understanding of,and our ability to predict how,human-driven changes in the environment and population demography will influence animal ***,the decisions animals make involve evolved mechanisms,and behaviors emerge from the combined action of sensory integration,cognitive mechanisms and strategic rules of thumb,and any of these processes may have a disproportionate influence on *** there is extensive literature exploring ADM,it generally reflects a canalized,discipline-specific approach that lacks a unified conceptual *** a result,there has been limited application of ADM theory and research findings into predictive models that can enhance management outcomes,even though it is likely that the relative resilience of species to rapid environmental change is fundamentally a result of how ADM is linked to contextual ***,we focus on how context influences ADM,and highlight ideas and results that may be most applicable to conservation biology.

关键词： animal behavior anthropogenic change context decision-making wildlife management

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Oxbow Lakes as Geological Archives of Historical changes in Channel Substrate, Swan Creek, Toledo, Ohio (USA)

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2022年第2期12卷 32-54页

作者： Jocelyn L. Hicks James E. Evans Department of Geology School of Earth Environment and Society Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA

Efforts to restore urban rivers require an understanding of human-influenced changes in channel substrates. This study uses three naturally-occurring oxbows in a 3.5 km reach of Swan Creek, flowing through the City of Toledo, Ohio (USA) to reconstruct historical changes in channel substrate. Human impacts in the watershed were: 1) land clearance for agriculture (peaking in 1900-1920) and for suburban housing tracts (peaking in 1945-1970), followed by 2) the post-1940 creation of more efficient urban run-off systems from streets, parking lots, housing developments, and shopping centers. Historical aerial photographs and maps from 1935, 1940, 1950, 1963, 1974, and 1994 were georeferenced using ground control points, input to ArcGIS, and have root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.19 - 0.77 m (average RMSE = 0.47 ± 0.20 m) when compared to the 2006 digital ortho quarter-quadrangle (DOQQ) image used as the basis for comparison. Results showed that channel sinuosity continually increased from 1.88 (1935) to 1.99 (2006). Two oxbows probably formed in 1913, and the third formed in 1940. Sediment cores and trenches were used to recognize historical channel substrates. Age control was provided by 14C geochronology and labels on food packaging materials found in flood layers. Grain-size analysis of channel substrates shows a historical coarsening-upward trend: the largest clast size interval (f5) changes from +0.78f in pre-1935 channels, to -1.15f in pre-1940 channels, to -1.69f in the 2006 channel. These results indicate recent urban runoff created fluvial pavements and increasing channel mobility as the stream removes legacy sediment from intrabasinal sediment storage.

关键词： Oxbows Channel Substrate Legacy Sediment anthropogenic change Sediment Budget

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Applying the Adaptive Cycle to Modelling Environmental and anthropogenic Cryospheric changes and Linking Problems of Human Adaptation and Mitigation

Applying the Adaptive Cycle to Modelling Environmental and A...

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Asian Conference on Permafrost

作者： N.C.Doubleday Department of Geography ＆ Environmental Studies Carleton University International Geographical Union Commission for Cold Region Environments

The earth’s cold regions are experiencing accelerated rates of change,and the associated effects on land forms and land use raise many concerns for the health and well-being of those who live in cold regions,and also for sustainability for those living elsewhere（Gude et al.,2005）.Interconnectivity and complexity characterise social-environmental *** the changes being observed may be related to the physical environment and to climate in the first instance,contingent or related changes such as shifts in land use may be less *** changes in land use also have consequences for key factors influencing processes of environmental change for example,in changes in *** sphere of influence of the cold regions extends far beyond its geographical *** are many examples of changes with impacts at a global scale,such as the possibility of an ice-free shipping route across the Arctic ***,while north ward shifts in frost-free season length may be very useful to farmers in certain regions,but if the longer frost-free season is also accompanied by drought,from an agricultural perspective one limiting factor has simply been replaced by *** warming temperatures also lead to increases in sea-level rise,many ocean island states face grave *** these are potentially massive and complex problems extending beyond the cold *** scientific issues related to defining both the mechanisms and possible consequences of cryospheric change are subjects of debate but there is general agreement among scientific experts in many fields that more sophisticated and inclusive models for conceptualising change in complex systems are *** it is recognised that there is a need to find methods to describe both anthropogenic factors and natural environments as interconnected *** methods must also be able to address very practical problems of integrating knowledge from many different scientific *** that cr

关键词： cryosphere anthropogenic change environment adaptation mitigation

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