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altruism and Pricing Strategy in Dual-Channel Supply Chains

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American Journal of Operations Research 2013年第4期3卷 402-412页

作者： Kuiran Shi Feng Jiang Qi Ouyang College of Economics and Management Nanjing University of Technology Nanjing China

With the development of behavioral operational management, human behavior such as altruism, fairness and trust has received considerable attention. This paper studies the effect of altruism on retailer’s and manufacturer’s pricing strategy in two classic dual-channel supply chains by presenting Stackelberg game models. The analysis shows that the player’s altruism preference strongly affects their pricing strategies. The more altruistic one player is, the more profits the other player obtains. Moreover, the effect of manufacturer’s altruistic preference is larger than that of retailer’s. In addition, online price is always lower than offline price in dual-channel supply chain, which still holds true considering altruism. The results also reveal that the product web-fit has significant effect on the player’s optimal pricing strategies. The more compatible with online market the product is, the lower the retail price is set, and the more profit the manufacturer obtains whereas the less the retailer gets.

关键词： altruism Dual-Channel Supply Chain Pricing Strategy Product Web-Fit

altruism and Willingness to Pay for Environmental Goods: A Contingent Valuation Study

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第6期5卷 63-68页

作者： Takehisa Kumakawa Creative Engineering Education Center Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan

This study aims to reexamine the relationship between altruistic orientation and individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental goods using contingent valuation. Altruistic motivation is known to be an important determinant of WTP. In the attitudinal scales used in previous research, the context of questions about altruistic motivations is specific to environmental issues. Instead, this study employs other psychological scales that measure altruistic orientation in a more general context, independently from environmental issues. The result is consistent with previous studies, but the impact of altruistic orientation is rather limited. This difference suggests that the context of questions may enhance respondents’ consciousness about the environment and bump up the value of their WTP.

关键词： Contingent Valuation altruism Wetlands

Local altruism as an Environmental Ethic in CO<sub>2</sub>Emissions Control

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2015年第4期5卷 433-440页

作者： Masayuki Otaki The Institute of Social Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

When considering emissions control problems associated with carbon dioxide (CO2), social planning over quite a long-term horizon is usually considered to be necessary because it takes much time for the full absorption of CO2 by oceans and forests. Sometimes the required time horizon even becomes infinite. Such a fact seems to impose patience beyond the limits of human cognition. However, this study proves that the first-best emissions scenario can be achieved only by local altruism, which is dubbed parentage. Parentage is defined as the action of applying zero social discount rate to its subsequent generation, and discounting the utility of generations thereafter infinitely. In this sense, the nearly first-best emissions scenario is feasible within the ordinal cognition and benevolence of human beings. This paper also examines the definition of egalitarian sustainability, in which the utility of every generation must be kept constant, and reveals that such a definition of sustainability possibly provokes the inefficient intergenerational allocation of CO2. This is because the vested interest of the predecessors is put much importance in the process of the planning. It is required more rigid sustainability concept, in which the utility of each generation is no less decreasing through time and at least strictly increasing locally, to achieve the efficient allocation of CO2. One will find that the intergenerational allocation by the local altruism satisfies this property.

关键词： Parentage as Local altruism Social Discount Rate Environmental Ethics Sustainability

Gender Differences in Quality of Attachment to God, Forgiveness, altruism, and Mental Health in College and Seminary School Students

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Cultural and Religious Studies 2017年第2期5卷 70-84页

作者： Fatimah Nosrati Bagher Ghobari Bonab Ali Asghar Rabiee Javad Pourkarimi Marziyeh Dousti University of Tehran Tehran Iran University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran Iran

The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 993 individuals were selected by means of stratified sampling procedures and the following measures were distributed among them： Muslim-Spiritual Attachment Scale, Kin altruism, Reciprocal altruism Enright Forgiveness Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Analysis of data using t test revealed significant differences between male and female students （/9 〈 0.01）. Moreover, data indicated that interpersonal sensitivity was higher in male students while somatization complains was higher among female students. Analysis of data showed that quality of secure attachment in female students were higher than male students （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, female students were higher in altruism, especially in domain of compassion （P 〈 0.05）. In addition female students were higher in perceiving God as a Safe Haven and providing them with comfort and tranquility. Moreover, females students were higher in altruism （p 〈 0.05）, and forgiveness （p 〈 0.01）. The analysis of data revealed that female students were higher in the secure attachment to God, sympathy toward others and they scored higher in somatization complain while male students were higher in the interpersonal sensitivity. Theoretical implication and practical application of findings have been discussed in the original paper. Findings in this project were consistent with body of research findings. Theoretical implication and practical usage of the current study was described in the original paper. Data revealed that female student were higher in secure attachment to God, altruism and forgiveness. Showing emotional stability and higher spirituality.

关键词： gender differences quality of attachment to God altruism forgiveness mental health college students seminary students

The evolution of cooperation in public good game with deposit

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Chinese Physics B 2019年第8期28卷 22-30页

作者： Xian-Jia Wang Wen-Man Chen Economics and Management School Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430070China Institute of System and Engineer Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430070China

The emergence of cooperation still remains a fundamental conundrum in the social and behavior *** introduce a new mechanism,deposit mechanism,into theoretical model to explore how this mechanism promotes cooperation in a well-mixed ***,we extend the common binary-strategy combination of cooperation and defection in public good game by adding a third strategy,namely,deposit *** players with deposit cooperation strategy pay a deposit in advance to obtain the benefits of public good at a lower contributions compared with the players with cooperation strategy,when the provision of public good is ***,we explore the evolution of cooperation in the public good game with deposit by means of the replicator *** computations and stimulations show that the deposit mechanism can promote cooperation in a well-mixed population,and the numbers of equilibrium point are determined by variables of public good *** the one hand,when the coexistence of cooperators and defectors is the stable equilibrium point in the evolutionary system,increasing the threshold of public good and adopting the weak altruism way for share benefits can enhance the level of cooperation in the *** the other hand,if the coexistence of deposit cooperators and defectors is the stable equilibrium point,it is effective to promote the deposit cooperation by lowering the values of discount and deposit,and raising the threshold of public good.

关键词： evolutionary game theory cooperation deposit weak altruism discount rate

Complementary interactions between indirect and direct fitness in a cooperatively breeding

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Current Zoology 2023年第1期69卷 76-81页

作者： Zhibing Li Xinwei Da Xin Lu Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina Department of Ecology College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina

altruism is difficult to explain evolutionarily and to understand it,there is a need to quantify the benefits and costs to ***’s theory of kin selection argues that altruism can persist if the costs to altruists are offset by indirect fitness payoffs from helping related ***,helping nonkin is also common and in such situations,the costs must be compensated for by direct *** previous researchers tended to evaluate the indirect and direct fitness in isolation,we expect that they have a complementary interaction where altruists are associated with recipients of different relatedness within a *** prediction is tested with 12years of data on lifetime reproductive success for a cooperatively breeding bird,Tibetan ground tits Pseudopodoces *** who helped distantly related recipients gained significantly lower indirect benefits than those who helped closely related recipients,but the opposite was true for direct fitness,thereby making these helpers have an equal inclusive *** efforts were independent of helpers’relatedness to recipients,but those helping distantly related recipients were more likely to inherit the resident territory,which could be responsible for their high direct reproductive *** findings provide an explanatory model for the widespread coexistence of altruists and recipients with varying relatedness within a single population.

关键词： altruism cooperative breeding Hamilton’s rule kin selection

Neural mechanisms of social learning and decision-making

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2021年第6期64卷 897-910页

作者： Yinmei Ni Jian Li School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

One of the hallmarks of human society is the ubiquitous interactions among ***,a significant portion of human daily routine decision making is socially *** economic theory,namely game theory,has prescribed the canonical decision strategy when"rational"social agents have full information about the decision *** reality,however,social decision is often influenced by the trait and state parameters of selves and ***,understanding the cognitive and neural processes of inferring the decision parameters is pivotal for social decision ***,both correlational and causal non-invasive neuroimaging studies have started to reveal the critical neural computations underlying social learning and decision-making,and highlighted the unique roles of"social"brain structures such as temporal-parietal junction(TPJ)and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex(dmPFC).Here we review recent advances in social decision neuroscience and maintain the focus on how the inference about others is dynamically acquired during social learning,as well as how the prosocial(altruistic)behavior results from orchestrated interactions of different brain regions specified under the social utility *** conclude by emphasizing the importance of combining computational decision theory with the identification of neural mechanisms that represent,evaluate and integrate value related social information and generate decision variables guiding behavioral output in the complex social environment.

关键词： social cognition decision-making reinforcement learning value altruism

The evolution of cooperation in asymmetric systems

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第1期53卷 139-149页

作者： WANG RuiWu1 & SHI Lei2 1 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution,Kunming Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Science,Kunming 650223,China 2 Statistics and Mathematics College,Yunnan University of Finance and Economics,Kunming 650221,China 1. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Science Kunming 650223 China2. Statistics and Mathematics College Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Kunming 650221 China

Explaining the "Tragedy of the Commons" of the evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social *** interaction,which is one of the most important characteristics of cooperative systems,has not been sufficiently considered in the existing models of the evolution of *** the inequality in the number and payoff between the cooperative actors and recipients in cooperation systems,discriminative density-dependent interference competition will occur in limited dispersal *** model and simulation show that the local but not the global stability of a cooperative interaction can be maintained if the utilization of common resource remains unsaturated,which can be achieved by density-dependent restraint or competition among the cooperative *** intense density dependent interference competition among the cooperative actors and the ready availability of the common resource,with a higher intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient,will increase the probability of *** cooperation between the recipient and the cooperative actors can be transformed into conflict and,it oscillates chaotically with variations of the affecting factors under different environmental or ecological *** higher initial relatedness(*** to kin or reciprocity relatedness),which is equivalent to intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient,can be selected for by penalizing less cooperative or cheating actors but rewarding cooperative individuals in asymmetric *** initial relatedness is a pivot but not the aim of evolution of *** explains well the direct conflict observed in almost all cooperative systems.

关键词： cooperation altruism density dependent tragedy of the commons oscillation chaos asymmetric interaction interference competition

Why Insisting in Being Volunteers? A Practical Case Study Exploring from Both Rational and Emotional Perspectives

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2022年第2期24卷 219-236页

作者： Kuei-Feng Chang Wen-Goang Yang Ya-Wen Cheng I-Tung Shih Guangzhou University Guangzhou510006China Chaoyang University of Technology Taichung413Taiwan WuFeng University Chiayi621Taiwan

This study explored the mechanism on how volunteers as rationalists use rationalism during their cognitive appraisal process when dealing with emotional events in their social helping behavior such as international rescue *** authors used the triangulation method to include three studies(Study 1 is a qualitative research which explored ways of TCF leader’s inspiring their volunteer workers;Study 2 is a quantitative research on the decision-making process of volunteer individuals involving in international rescue activities;Study 3 is a quantitative research on individuals’motivation for joining social helping behavior)for validation of Tzu Chi Foundation(TCF),which is a famous non-proﬁt organization worldwide,to prove that volunteers as rationalists rely on the reasonable cognitive appraisal method to substantially evaluate the necessity of social helping behavior,including their emotional responses and *** evaluation theory was used to depict volunteers as volunteers as rationalists’way of cognitive appraisal perspective towards emotional events such as international rescue cases or when participating in activities by non-proﬁt ***,this study found that volunteers as rationalists adhere to the principles of altruism,egoism,compensation,and reciprocity as part of their cognitive appraisal when responding to emotional *** researchﬁndings of this study depicted the volunteers’behavioral intention as volunteers as rationalists in responding to emotional events in the form of NPO helping behaviors and international rescue *** helping behaviors often rely on people’s emotional compassion and empathy at the beginning,but social helping behaviors cannot rely solely on emotional *** create long-term support for non-proﬁt organizations’action plans,it is still neces-sary to plan rationally,turning the actions of volunteers into reasonable *** this way,even if the volun-teers have experienced many dif

关键词： altruism compensation egoism NPO reciprocity rationalism volunteer Tzu Chi