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Index for climate change adaptation in China and its application

Advances in Climate Change Research 2021年第5期12卷 723-733页

作者： FU Lin CAO Ying KUANG Shu-Ya GUO Hao National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation Beijing100035China Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

With the increasing awareness of the risks and impacts of climate change, scholars tend to pay more attention to the applications of indicators, which access the effectiveness of climate change adaptation. This study aims to evaluate the overall progress of climate change adaptation in China during 2010–2018 in a quantitative manner. The Index for Climate Change adaptation in China (ICCAC) has been thus developed by adopting the analytic hierarchy process weighting and expert scoring method. Namely, ICCAC is composed of national climate change impacts, adaptation actions in key sectors, adaptation progress in key sectors, and the national adaptation policy framework. Overall, the ICCAC and its four sub-indexes increased significantly from 2010 to 2018, on a yearly-basis. Each sub-index implied that the socio-economic impacts caused by climate change in China have been alleviated gradually;specifically, the mainstream endeavor of key sectors has witnessed remarkable progress, however, it is worth noting that the gap between individual adaptation actions and policies still exists;the implementation effect of policies in key sectors is not as affluent as that of actions;the current adaptation endeavor in key areas is still closely related to the mainstream business of corresponding competent ministries rather than adaptation-aimed actions;the national adaptation policy framework has been primarily formed, but there are still some deficiencies. As a result, the gap in China's adaptation process could be mainly manifested in the following five aspects: i) adaptation effectiveness assessment in forestry and urban infrastructure is urgently needed;ii) policies in marine and water resources sectors need structural reforms;iii) evaluation criteria for national adaptation are not necessarily sufficient;iv) the improvement of adaptive management efficiency has stagnated recently;and v) the adaptation works of relevant Ministries should be coordinated and put forward the corres

关键词： Climate change adaptation Index Evaluation Risk assessment Policy recommendation

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Local perceptions of climate change and adaptation needs in the Ifugao Rice Terraces (Northern Philippines)

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山地科学学报（英文） 2017年第8期14卷 1455-1472页

作者： Mario A.SORIANO Jr. Johanna DIWA Srikantha HERATH Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability United Nations University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University

The Ifugao Rice Terraces in the Philippines is recognized worldwide as a sustainable landscape where humans live in harmony with nature. The success of the Ifugao Rice Terraces largely depends on the attunement of local farmers to their environment and their ability to adapt to perceived changes, as manifested in their complex body of traditional ecological and climatic knowledge. This paper examines the local perceptions on climate change and other challenges to sustainability through focus group discussions with farmers and traditional knowledge holders. Our main findings can be summarized as follows:(i) Ifugao farmers were able to observe climatic changes in recent years, and these changes were intimately linked with broader environmental and socio-cultural changes in the Ifugao social-ecological system;(ii) The climatic changes qualitatively observed by the farmers were in agreement with trends in datasets commonly used in scientific assessments, although this agreement depends on the spatial and temporal resolution of the dataset, and the type of statistical analysis performed, and;(iii) The Ifugaos stressed the importance of traditional knowledge and culture in climate change adaptation, and preferred measures which could increase internal adaptive capacity while addressingbroader sources of community vulnerability. Our results support calls to recognize Indigenous and Western science as equally valid ways of knowing. Discussions with the farmers revealed that in the Ifugao context, climate change may be better framed in the context of multiple stressors on rural livelihoods, with adaptation integrated into broader development objectives. Our findings also emphasize the need for greater engagement of indigenous Ifugao people in planning processes in order to identify adaptation strategies that are culturally appropriate, equitable, and effective in responding to local needs.

关键词： Ifugao Rice Terraces Climate Change Traditional Knowledge Indigenous adaptation Social-Ecological System Sustainability

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Natural variation and artificial selection of photoperiodic flowering genes and their applications in crop adaptation

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aBIOTECH 2021年第2期2卷 156-169页

作者： Xiaoya Lin Chao Fang Baohui Liu Fanjiang Kong Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina

Flowering links vegetative growth and reproductive growth and involves the coordination of local environmental cues and plant genetic *** timing of floral initiation and maturation in both wild and cultivated plants is important to their fitness and productivity in a given growth *** domestication of plants into crops,and later crop expansion and improvement,has often involved selection for early *** this review,we analyze the basic rules for photoperiodic adaptation in several economically important and/or well-researched crop *** ancestors of rice(Oryza sativa),maize(Zea mays),soybean(Glycine max),and tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)are short-day plants whose photosensitivity was reduced or lost during domestication and expansion to high-latitude ***(Triticum aestivum)and barley(Hordeum vulgare)are long-day crops whose photosensitivity is influenced by both latitude and vernalization ***,we summarize recent studies about where these crops were domesticated,how they adapted to photoperiodic conditions as their growing area expanded from domestication locations to modern cultivating regions,and how allelic variants of photoperiodic flowering genes were selected during this process.A deeper understanding of photoperiodic flowering in each crop will enable better molecular design and breeding of high-yielding cultivars suited to particular local environments.

关键词： adaptation Photoperiodic flowering Crops Artificial selection

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Frequent Introgressions from Diploid Species Contribute to the adaptation of the Tetraploid Shepherd＇s Purse （Capsella bursa-pastoris）

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Molecular Plant 2015年第3期8卷 427-438页

作者： Ting-Shen Han Qiong Wu Xing-Hui Hou Zi-Wen Li Yu-Pan Zou Song Ge Ya-Long Guo State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

is the most important ability for organisms to survive in diverse habitats. Animals have the option to escape from stressful environments, but plants do not. In plants, polyploids consist of about 30%-70% angiosperms and 95% ferns, of which some are important crops such as cotton and wheat. How polyploid plants adapt to various habitats has been a fundamental question remained largely unanswered. The tetra- ploid Shepherd＇s purse （Capsella bursa-pastoris） is one of the most successful plants on earth and has been distributed across the world, thus being an ideal model system for studying the adaptation of poly- ploids. We found that there are frequent introgressions from congeneric diploids to Shepherd＇s purse. Ecological niche modeling suggests that ecological differentiation is evident between the introgressed and non-introgressed C. bursa-pastoris, and the introgressions are a source of adaptation. This result links an evolutionary process to the adaptation of polyploids, and sheds light on the breeding strategy of poly- ploids as well. We conclude that frequent introgressions from congeneric diploids contributed to the acqui- sition of adequate genetic variations, thereby allowing C. bursa-pastoris to adapt to various habitats across the world. Our results highlight how a polypioid could have successfully established after it originated.

关键词： adaptation Capsella bursa-pastoris introgression polyploid

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Genomes reveal selective sweeps in kiang and donkey for high-altitude adaptation

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Zoological Research 2021年第4期42卷 450-460页

作者： Lin Zeng He-Qun Liu Xiao-Long Tu Chang-Mian Ji Xiao Gou Ali Esmailizadeh Sheng Wang Ming-Shan Wang Ming-Cheng Wang Xiao-Long Li Hadi Charati Adeniyi CAdeola Rahamon Akinyele Moshood Adedokun Olatunbosun Oladipo Sunday Charles Olaogun Oscar JSanke Mangbon Godwin F Sheila Cecily Ommeh Bernard Agwanda Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti Jian-Lin Han Hong-Kun Zheng Chang-Fa Wang Ya-Ping Zhang Laurent A.F.Frantz Dong-Dong Wu State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650223China Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions Institute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouHainan 571101China College of Animal Science and Technology Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingYunnan 650201China Department of Animal Science Faculty of AgricultureShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanPB 76169-133Iran Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650204China Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650223China Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650223China Institute of Three-River-Source National Park Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghai 810008China School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of LondonLondon E14NSUK Department of Genetics Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkNY 10461USA Annoroad Gene Tech.(Beijing)Co. Ltd.Beijing 100176China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic AnimalsGermplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650223China Department of Veterinary Medicine University of IbadanIbadan 200284Nigeria Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology Moor-PlantationIbadan 234102Nigeria Taraba State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Jalingo 660221Nigeria Division of Veterinary Office Serti 663101Nigeria Institute For Biotechnology Research Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi 62000-00200Kenya Department of Zoology National Museums of KenyaNairobi 40658-00100Kenya State Department of Livestock Ministry of AgricultureLivestockFisheries and IrrigationN

Over the last several hundred years,donkeys have adapted to high-altitude conditions on the Tibetan ***,the kiang,a closely related equid species,also inhabits this *** reports have demonstrated the importance of specific genes and adaptive introgression in divergent lineages for adaptation to hypoxic conditions on the Tibetan ***,we assessed whether donkeys and kiangs adapted to the Tibetan Plateau via the same or different biological pathways and whether adaptive introgression has *** assembled a de novo genome from a kiang individual and analyzed the genomes of five kiangs and 93 donkeys(including 24 from the Tibetan Plateau).Our analyses suggested the existence of a strong hard selective sweep at the EPAS1 locus in *** Tibetan donkeys,however,another gene,i.e.,EGLN1,was likely involved in their adaptation to high *** addition,admixture analysis found no evidence for interspecific gene flow between kiangs and Tibetan *** findings indicate that despite the short evolutionary time scale since the arrival of donkeys on the Tibetan Plateau,as well as the existence of a closely related species already adapted to hypoxia,Tibetan donkeys did not acquire adaptation via admixture but instead evolved adaptations via a different biological pathway.

关键词： Kiang Donkey High altitude adaptation Selection

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Morphological plasticity and adaptation level of distylous Primula nivalis in a heterogeneous alpine environment

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Plant Diversity 2018年第6期40卷 284-291页

作者： Aysajan Abdusalam Qingjun Li Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis College of Life and Geography SdencesKashi UniversityKashgar844006PR China Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglun TownYunnan 666303PR China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnan 650091PR China

Plant populations at high elevation face extreme climatic conditions and resource limitations. The existence of distylous species at different elevations can help us investigate their adaptation to high altitudes, the evolution of their morphological characteristics, as well as their responses to limited resources. Here, 17 populations of Primula nivalis at different elevations were evaluated regarding variations in plant morphological characteristics, biomass allocation, and morphological plasticity in a heterogeneous environment. Our results demonstrate that heterogeneous environments can affect plant morphological characteristics and resource allocation in each sexual morph of these plants. Moreover,environmental variations reduced morphological plasticity in the two plant morphs, and the plasticity of long style(LS) plants was greater than that of short style(SS) plants. There were significant negative correlations between morphological characteristics and elevation, rainfall, temperature, and sunshine,and these are the main variables that affect morphological characteristics and resource allocation of both morphs of P. nivalis plants in heterogeneous environments. The morphological characteristics of P. nivalis plants transplanted from high to lower elevations were not significantly different in either *** plants had greater morphological plasticity and adaptability in heterogeneous environments than SS plants. Elevational gradients and heterogeneous environments differentiated both morphs of P. nivalis plants with regards to morphology as well as adaptations. LS plants showed a higher level of adaptability than SS plants.

关键词： Biomass allocation Plant sexual morph Morphological characteristics adaptation

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Seasonal variations of leaf traits and drought adaptation strategies of four common woody species in South Texas, USA

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Journal of Forestry Research 2019年第5期30卷 1715-1725页

作者： Juan Qin Zhouping Shangguan Weimin Xi School of Resources and Environment Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei 230036AnhuiChina Department of Biological and Health Sciences Texas A&M University-KingsvilleKingsvilleTX 78363USA State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina

Understanding physiological responses and drought adaptation strategies of woody plant leaf traits in sub-humid to semi-arid regions is of vital importance to understand the interplay between ecological processes and plant resource-allocation strategies of different tree *** variations of leaf morphological traits,stoichiometric traits and their relationships of two drought tolerant woody species,live oak(Quercus virginiana)and honey mesquite(Prosopis glandulosa)and two less drought tolerant species,sugarberry(Celtis laevigata)and white ash(Fraxinus americana)were analyzed in a sub-humid to semi-arid area of south Texas,*** findings demonstrate that for the two drought tolerant species,the leguminous *** had the highest specific leaf area,leaf N,P,and lowest leaf area and dry mass,indicating that *** adapts to an arid habitat by decreasing leaf area,thus reducing water loss,reflecting a resource acquisition *** the evergreen species *** exhibited higher leaf dry mass,leaf dry matter content,C content,C:N,C:P and N:P ratios,adapts to an arid habitat through increased leaf thickness and thus reduced water loss,reflecting a resource conservation strategy in south *** the two less drought tolerant deciduous species,the variations of leaf traits in *** and *** varied between *** and ***,reflecting a trade-off between rapid plant growth and nutrient maintenance in a semi-arid environment.

关键词： Drought adaptation strategies Leaf traits Seasonal variations South Texas Woody species

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Land pressure and adaptation in the mountainous region of northern China： An empirical analysis of 21 small watersheds

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2010年第6期20卷 913-922页

作者： ZHU Huiyi HE Shujin Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China

Land pressure and adaptation are the main factors determining environmental degradation in most of China＇s mountainous regions. Little attention so far has been paid to the adaptation strategies based on evaluation of land pressure in these regions. We evaluated the grain production pressure and economic development pressure for 21 small watersheds undergoing soil conservation measures in the northern mountainous region of China, compared the evaluation results with actual production for each of the watersheds, and analyzed the adaptation strategies. The results imply that land pressure was spatially heterogeneous among the sample watersheds, but there was a balancing trend between land pressure and productive capacity for each watershed. Under rising pressure, these watersheds developed a variety of adaptation strategies such as labor migration, increasing fruit and nut production, and expanding rural tourism if possible. These strategies result from evolution of the market economy in China, and persistent development of the national economy determines the variation of environment in these mountainous regions.

关键词： land pressure adaptation environment restoration mountainous region northern China

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Effects of Copper-phenanthroline on Pentachlorophenol-induced adaptation and Cell Death of Escherichia coli

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2007年第2期20卷 106-112页

作者： XUE-WEN ZHANG RONG-GUI LI XIN WANG AND SHUAN-HU ZHOU Department of Biology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 Shandong China Department of Neurosurgery Department of Orthopedic Surgery Brigham and Women＇s Hospital Harvard Untverstty Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA

Objective To evaluate the effects of copper-phenanthroline （CuOP） on pentachlomphenol （PCP）-induced adaptation and cell death of Escherichia coli. Methods Bacterial growth and adaptation to PCP were monitored spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. Inactivation of bacterial cells was determined from colony count on agar dishes. Cellular ATP content and accumulation of PCP were assessed by chemiluminescence and HPLC analysis respectively. The formation of PCP-Cu-OP complex was shown by UV-visible spectra. Results Escherichia coli （E. coli） could adapt to PCP, a wood preservative and insecticide used in agriculture. The adaptation of E. coli to PCP prevented its death to the synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP plus PCP and declined cellular accumulation and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of PCP. Furthermore, CuOP and PCP neither produced reactive oxygen species （ROS） nor had a synergistic effect on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in E. coli. The synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP and PCP in E. coli might be due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex. Conclusion Our data suggested that adaptation of E. coli to PCP decreased the synergistic effects of CuOP and PCP on prokaryotic cell death due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex, but it had no effect on the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species in E. coli.

关键词： adaptation Cell death Cytotoxicity Escherichia coli Oxidative phosphorylation Pentachlorophenol 1, 10-phenanthroline-copper

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Farmers’perception of climate change and adaptation strategies in the Dabus watershed,North-West Ethiopia

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Ecological Processes 2018年第1期7卷 65-77页

作者： Paulos Asrat Belay Simane College of Development Studies Center for Environment and Development StudiesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia

Introduction:This study is aimed at analyzing farmers’perception and adaptation to climate change in the Dabus *** is based on analysis of data collected from 734 randomly selected farm household heads substantiated with Focus Group Discussions and field ***:The study employed descriptive methods to assess farmers’perception of climate change,local indicators of climate change and types of adaptation measures exercised to cope up with the risk of the change in *** study also employed the Heckman sample selection model to analyze the two-step process of adaptation to climate change which initially requires farmers’perception that climate is changing prior to responding to the changes through adaptation ***:Based on the model result educational attainment,the age of the head of the household,the number of crop failures in the past,changes in temperature and precipitation significantly influenced farmers’perception of climate change in wet lowland parts of the study *** dry lowland condition,farming experience,climate information,duration of food shortage,and the number of crop failures experienced determined farmers’perception of climate ***’adaptation decision in both the wet and dry lowland conditions is influenced by household size,the gender of household head,cultivated land size,education,farm experience,non-farm income,income from livestock,climate information,extension advice,farm-home distance and number of ***,the direction of influence and significance level of most of the explanatory variables vary between the two parts of the study ***:In line with the results,any intervention that promotes the use of adaptation measures to climate change may account for location-specific factors that determine farmers'perception of climate change and adaptive responses thereof.

关键词： Climate change Perception adaptation Heckman sample selection model

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